1. What was the meaning of liberalism in early nineteenth century in Europe? (1 Mark)
2. “Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe.” Support
the statement with suitable examples. (3 Marks)
3. “Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment by the last
quarter of the nineteenth century in Europe”. Analyse statement with examples. (5 )
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Explanation:
1)National liberalism was primarily an ideology and a movement of the 19th century. National-liberal goals were the pursuit of individual and economic freedom, as well as national sovereignty.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of 'nation in Europe:
2)
1. Romanticism was a cultural movement that believed in emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings over reason and science. They tried to evoke the feelings of a common past and shared heritage.
2. Romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder believed that German culture was alive among the common people- das Volk. The idea of nation was popularised through the folk culture of songs, poetry, and dance.
3. Local culture was sought also to reach the large population of illiterate people. In Poland, Karol Kurpinski turned the folk dances and music into nationalist symbols.
4. The language was also essential as a nationalist identity. When Polish was forcefully removed from schools and Russian was imposed everywhere after Russian occupation, the people saw the use of Polish language as a sign of national resistance.
3)
During this period nationalist groups become increasingly intolerant of each other.
Manipulations of the nationalist aspirations were there.
The Balkan was under the control of the ottoman empire.
Ideas of romantic nationalism spread in the Balkan.
They claimed for independence or political rights on nationality and subjected foreign domination.
Russia, Germany, England, Austria-hungry were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans.
This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
Liberalism means free to do a trade and commercial activities in early 19^{th}century Europe.
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