2. In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other
countries in Europe, before 1917?
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Answers
Answer:
Industrial Workers The working population in Russia was different from other countries in Europe before 1917 in the following ways—
(i) Many workers had settled in cities permanently but many had strong links with the villages from which they came and continued to live in villages. They went to the towns to work daily and then returned to their villages in the evenings.
(ii) Workers were a divided social group. Workers were divided by skill. Divisions among workers was visible in their dress and manners also.
(iii) Metal workers considered themselves aristocrats among workers as their occupations demanded more training and skill. (iv) Women made up 31 per cent of the labour force by 1914, but they were paid less then men.
(v) Some workers formed associations of help in times of unemployment or financial hardship.
(vi) The workers did unite to strike work when they disagreed with the employers about dismissals or about work conditions.
(vii) Workers got low wages and they had long working hours. They had very few political rights; in short, their life was miserable. Agricultural Workers (i) About 85 per cent of Russia's population earned their living from agriculture but most of them were landless farmers. (ii) Most of the land was owned by the nobility, the crown and the orthodox church. (iii) In France, during the French Revolution in Brittany, peasants respected and fought for the landowners, but in Russia peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them. (iv) They refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords. (v) Russian peasants were different from European peasants in another way. They pooled their land together periodically and their commune divided it according to the needs of individual families. (vi) Like industrial workers, the condition of the agricultural workers or farmers was also very miserable because of low wages, doing free labour and paying high rent and revenue.
Answer :-
The working population in European countries was a more united lot than those in Russia. Workers in England and Germany formed associations and fought for better living and working conditions. Funds were set up by these Associations to help workers in distress. The workers in European countries were united in their demand for a reduction of working hours and the right to vote. Workers association also supported political parties and ultimately formed political parties themselves. The Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France are examples of political parties formed by socialists and trade unionists.
In total contrast to the working population in Europe, the Russian workers were not united. Workers were divided on the basis of their occupation. Workers whose jobs needed skill and training considered themselves on a higher plane than the untrained workers. Workers had strong links to the villages they came from and this also caused a social divide among workers. Workers’ associations rose dramatically in Russia also, as in Europe. They demanded reduced working hours and higher wages. The workers were suppressed by the government.
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