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Q. Explain the construction and working of the electric AC generator.
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A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of alternating current is called as AC generator.
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Main parts of the alternator, obviously, consists of stator and rotor. But, the unlike other machines, in most of the alternators, field exciters are rotating and the armature coil is stationary.
Stator: Unlike in DC machine stator of an alternator is not meant to serve path for magnetic flux. Instead, the stator is used for holding armature winding. The stator core is made up of lamination of steel alloys or magnetic iron, to minimize the eddy current losses.Why Is Armature Winding Stationary In An Alternator?At high voltages, it easier to insulate stationary armature winding, which may be as high as 30 kV or more.The high voltage output can be directly taken out from the stationary armature. Whereas for a rotary armature, there will be large brush contact drop at higher voltages, also the sparking at the brush surface will occur.Field exciter winding is placed in the rotor, and the low dc voltage can be transferred safely.The armature winding can be braced well, so as to prevent deformation caused by the high centrifugal force.Rotor: There are two types of the rotor used in an AC generator/alternator:(i) Salient and (ii) Cylindrical typeSalient pole type: Salient pole type rotor is used in low and medium speed alternators. Construction of AC generator of salient pole type rotor is shown in the figure above. This type of rotor consists of a large number of projected poles (called salient poles), bolted on a magnetic wheel. These poles are also laminated to minimize the eddy current losses. Alternators featuring this type of rotor are large in diameters and short in axial length.Cylindrical type: Cylindrical type rotors are used in high-speed alternators, especially in turbo-alternators. This type of rotor consists of a smooth and solid steel cylinder having slots along its outer periphery. Field windings are placed in these slots.The DC supply is given to the rotor winding through the slip rings and brushes arrangement.
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Stator: Unlike in DC machine stator of an alternator is not meant to serve path for magnetic flux. Instead, the stator is used for holding armature winding. The stator core is made up of lamination of steel alloys or magnetic iron, to minimize the eddy current losses.Why Is Armature Winding Stationary In An Alternator?At high voltages, it easier to insulate stationary armature winding, which may be as high as 30 kV or more.The high voltage output can be directly taken out from the stationary armature. Whereas for a rotary armature, there will be large brush contact drop at higher voltages, also the sparking at the brush surface will occur.Field exciter winding is placed in the rotor, and the low dc voltage can be transferred safely.The armature winding can be braced well, so as to prevent deformation caused by the high centrifugal force.Rotor: There are two types of the rotor used in an AC generator/alternator:(i) Salient and (ii) Cylindrical typeSalient pole type: Salient pole type rotor is used in low and medium speed alternators. Construction of AC generator of salient pole type rotor is shown in the figure above. This type of rotor consists of a large number of projected poles (called salient poles), bolted on a magnetic wheel. These poles are also laminated to minimize the eddy current losses. Alternators featuring this type of rotor are large in diameters and short in axial length.Cylindrical type: Cylindrical type rotors are used in high-speed alternators, especially in turbo-alternators. This type of rotor consists of a smooth and solid steel cylinder having slots along its outer periphery. Field windings are placed in these slots.The DC supply is given to the rotor winding through the slip rings and brushes arrangement.
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