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The nitrogen cycle is the way that nitrogen in nature is changed into many different forms that are used by living organism[s].
Air is about 78% nitrogen. Nitrogen is needed for life. It is an important part of proteins, DNA, and RNA. In plants, nitrogen is needed for photosynthesis and growth. [1] Nitrogen fixation is needed to change the nitrogen in air (N2) into forms that can be used by life. Most nitrogen fixation is done by microorganisms called bacteria. These bacteria have an enzyme that combines N2 with hydrogen gas (H2) to make ammonia (NH3).
Some of these bacteria live in the roots of plants (mostly legumes). In these roots, they make ammonia for the plant and the plant gives them carbohydrates. Other plants take nitrogen compounds out of the soil through their roots. All nitrogen in animals comes from eating plants.
Ammonium (NH4) in soil is made by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and decomposers, bacteria and fungi that break down dead life into its parts. This process is called ammonification. Ammonium has a positive charge. It easily joins to clay and humus in the soil. Ammonia and ammonium are poisonous to fish and other animals. Sewage and other waste-water is regularly measured because of this. If ammonia levels are too high, nitrification must happen.
Nitrification is the change of ammonia and ammonium to nitrite (NO2−) and then to nitrate ( NO3−) by bacteria. Because nitrite and nitrate have a negative charge they do not easily join to soil and will wash out of the soil during rain and irrigation. High nitrate levels in drinking water is harmful for babies and can cause blue-baby syndrome. [2] High nitrate levels can also cause too much algae growth in lakes and pools. This can be harmful to fish and other water animals because the algae uses oxygen that the animals need. The use of fertilizers is controlled more and more because of this.
Where there is no oxygen, some bacteria will make nitrate into nitrogen gas (N2). This starts the nitrogen cycle over again. This process is called denitrification.
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Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is another essential chemical on Earth and is present in all living organisms in the form of proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids.
It is found in the atmosphere in molecular form () and in the form of some oxides, but the most abundant component of air (i.e., 78 %) of atmospheric nitrogen is rather chemically inert and is not actually used by most organisms.
Plants use atmospheric nitrogen to convert it into nitrates (). This conversion can be done either by industrial nitrogen fixation (i.e., the manufacture of ammonium salts and urea or chemical fertilizers) or by certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates that are soluble in water.
Azotobacter is found freely in the soil, and Rhizobium is found in the root nodules of leguminous plants such as peas, chickpeas, beans, etc. The process is called nitrogen fixation.
Even during thunderstorms, nitrogen in the atmosphere reacts with oxygen, and eventually, dilute nitric acid is formed. This nitric acid comes down to the Earth with rainwater.
Plants absorb nitrates to make organic matter (proteins), etc. When animals eat plant matter, they break down plant nitrogenous compounds and use them to make new animal proteins and other cell components.
When an animal excretes urea or uric acid, or an animal or plant becomes non-living, some bacteria produce ammonium ion from nitrogen-containing molecules, and the plant then digests this ammonium ion. Plants take up some of the nitrates produced in this way (see the attached figure). The process of ammonia formation is called ammonification.
Some microorganisms (Nitrosomonas - Ammonia to nitrites, Nitrobacter - Nitrite to nitrate) convert ammonia into nitrates. The process is called nitrification.
Plants absorb nitrites and nitrates from the soil by their roots and then change them into organic compounds of the protoplasm by a process called nitrogen assimilation.
Decomposers, such as Pseudomonas reduce nitrates back to nitrogen, ammonia, or some other oxide. This process is called denitrification.
The liberated nitrogen is returned to the atmospheric system, and the plants or vegetation take up the oxides.
Organisms involved in nitrogen fixation:
Name of microorganism → Role played in the nitrogen cycle.
1.(a) Rhizobium bacteria (in root nodules) → nitrogen fixation
(b) Azotobacter bacteria in soil → nitrogen fixation (conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds)
(c) Blue-green algae → nitrogen fixation
2. (a) Rotting bacteria → Ammonification
(b) Fungi → Ammonification (conversion of nitrogenous proteins into ammonia of non-living plants and animals)
3. Nitrifying bacteria → Nitrification (conversion of ammonia into nitrites and then into nitrates)
(a) Nitrosomonas bacteria →Converts ammonia to nitrites ( ).
(b) Nitrobacter bacteria → Converts nitrites to nitrates ().
4. Denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas) → Denitrification (conversion of nitrate salts into free nitrogen gas)
The nitrogen cycle in the biosphere is called the complete cycle because it keeps the entire amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere, soil, and water constant.
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