Question

23. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follows:

Soune-A: The Non-Cooperation Movement

How could non-cooperation become a movement? Gandhiji proposed that the movement should
unfo d in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a
boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
Ther., in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular
support for the movement.

Sowce-B : Different opinions within the Congress

Many within the Congress were, however, concerned about the proposals. They were reluctant to
boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might
lead to popular violence. In the months between September ard December there was an intense
tusse within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and
the opponents of the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920. a
compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperaton programme was adopted.

Source-C: The Movement in the Towns

The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left
government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave
up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where
che Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining
some power-something that usually only Brahmans had access to

Source-A : The Non-Cooperation Movement
(1) Why did Gandhiji tour with Shaukat Ali through summer of 1920?
Source-B : Different opinions within the Congress December
(2) What happened at the Nagpur Session in December 1920?
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Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:पूंजीवाद (Capitalism) सामन्यत: उस आर्थिक प्रणाली या तंत्र को कहते हैं जिसमें उत्पादन के साधन पर निजी स्वामित्व होता है। इसे कभी कभी "व्यक्तिगत स्वामित्व" के पर्यायवाची के तौर पर भी प्रयुक्त किया जाता है यद्यपि यहाँ "व्यक्तिगत" का अर्थ किसी एक व्यक्ति से भी हो सकता है और व्यक्तियों के समूह से भी। मोटे तौर पर कहा जा सकता है कि सरकारी प्रणाली के अतिरिक्त अपनी तौर पर स्वामित्व वाले किसी भी आर्थिक तंत्र को पूंजीवादी तंत्र के नाम से जाना जा सकता है। दूसरे रूप में ये कहा जा सकता है कि पूंजीवादी तंत्र लाभ के लिए चलाया जाता है, जिसमें निवेश, वितरण, आय उत्पादन मूल्य, बाजार मूल्य इत्यादि का निर्धारण मुक्त बाजार में प्रतिस्पर्धा द्वारा निर्धारित होता है।

पूँजीवाद एक आर्थिक पद्धति है जिसमें पूँजी के निजी स्वामित्व, उत्पादन के साधनों पर व्यक्तिगत नियंत्रण, स्वतंत्र औद्योगिक प्रतियोगिता और उपभोक्ता द्रव्यों के अनियंत्रित वितरण की व्यवस्था होती है। पूँजीवाद की कभी कोई निश्चित परिभाषा स्थिर नहीं हुई; देश, काल और नैतिक मूल्यों के अनुसार इसके भिन्न-भिन्न रूप बनते रहे हैं।