3. Write short notes
A. Useful and harmful bacteria.
B. Five Kingdom system
C. Useful Fungi
Answers
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useful and harmful bacteria
Useful bacteria: Most of the bacteria act as a decomposer. They breakdown large molecules into simple molecules or minerals. Examples of some useful bacteria: ...
Harmful bacteria: This includes disease causing bacteria. They cause various diseases like typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, tetanus, etc.
five kingdom system
The five-kingdom classification that we see today was not the initial result of the classification of living organisms. Carolus Linnaeus first came up with a two-kingdom classification which included only kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia.
The two-kingdom classification lasted for a very long time but did not last forever because it did not take into account many major parameters while classifying. There was no differentiation of the eukaryotes and prokaryotes; neither unicellular and multicellular; nor photosynthetic and the non-photosynthetic.
Putting all the organisms in either plant or animal kingdom was insufficient because there were a lot of organisms which could not be classified as either plants or animals.
All these confusions led to a new mode of classification which had to take into account cell structure, the presence of cell wall, mode of reproduction and mode of nutrition. As a result, R H Whittaker came up with the concept of the five-kingdom classification.
The five-kingdom classification of living organisms included the following kingdoms:
Kingdom Monera
The bacteria are categorized underneath the Kingdom Monera.
Features of Monerans
They possess the following important features:
Bacteria occur everywhere and they are microscopic in nature.
They possess a cell wall and are prokaryotic.
The cell wall is formed of amino acids and polysaccharides.
Bacteria can be heterotrophic and autotrophic.
The heterotrophic bacteria can be parasitic or saprophytic. The autotrophic bacteria can be chemosynthetic or photosynthetic.
Types of Monerans
Bacteria can be classified into four types based on their shape:
Coccus (pl.: cocci) – These bacteria are spherical in shape
Bacillus (pl.: bacilli) – These bacteria are rod-shaped
Vibrium (pl.: vibrio) – These bacteria are comma-shaped bacteria
Spirillum (pl.: spirilla) – These bacteria are spiral-shaped bacteria
Monera has since been divided into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Kingdom Protista
Features of Protista
Protista has the following important features:
They are unicellular and eukaryotic organisms.
Some of them have cilia or flagella for mobility.
Sexual reproduction is by a process of cell fusion and zygote formation.
Sub-groups of Protista
Kingdom Protista is categorized into subsequent groups:
Chrysophytes: The golden algae (desmids) and diatoms fall under this group. They are found in marine and freshwater habitats.
Dinoflagellates: They are usually photosynthetic and marine. The colour they appear is dependent on the key pigments in their cells; they appear red, blue, brown, green or yellow.
Euglenoids: Most of them live in freshwater habitation in motionless water. The cell wall is absent in them, instead, there is a protein-rich layer called a pellicle.
Slime Moulds: These are saprophytic. The body moves along putrefying leaves and twigs and nourishes itself on organic material. Under favourable surroundings, they form an accumulation and were called Plasmodial slime moulds.
Protozoans: They are heterotrophs and survive either as parasites or predators.
useful fungi
Fungi can be good to eat, like some mushrooms or foods made from yeast, like bread or soy sauce. ... Scientists use fungi to make antibiotics, which doctors sometimes use to treat bacterial infections. Fungi also help to decompose lots of different organic material.