Question

4.
Critically evaluate the Environmental Movements in India?
भारत में पर्यावरण आन्दोलनों का आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन कीजिये?

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

What is an Environmental Movement?

An environmental movement can be defined as a social or political movement, for the conservation of environment or for the improvement of the state of the environment. The terms ‘green movement’ or ‘conservation movement’ are alternatively used to denote the same.

The environmental movements favour the sustainable management of natural resources. The movements often stress the protection of the environment via changes in public policy. Many movements are centred on ecology, health and human rights.

1.Bishnoi Movement

Year: 1700s

Place: Khejarli, Marwar region, Rajasthan state.

Leaders: Amrita Devi along with Bishnoi villagers in Khejarli and surrounding villages.

Aim: Save sacred trees from being cut down by the king’s soldiers for a new palace.

2. Chipko Movement

Year: 1973

Place: In Chamoli district and later at Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.

Leaders: Sundarlal Bahuguna, Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Govind Singh Rawat, Dhoom Singh Negi, Shamsher Singh Bisht and Ghanasyam Raturi.

Aim: The main objective was to protect the trees on the Himalayan slopes from the axes of contractors of the forest.

3. Save Silent Valley Movement

Year: 1978

Place: Silent Valley, an evergreen tropical forest in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India.

Leaders: The Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP) an NGO, and the poet-activist Sughathakumari played an important role in the Silent Valley protests.

Aim: In order to protect the Silent Valley, the moist evergreen forest from being destroyed by a hydroelectric project.

4. Jungle Bachao Andholan

Year: 1982

Place: Singhbhum district of Bihar

Leaders: The tribals of Singhbhum.

Aim: Against governments decision to replace the natural sal forest with Teak.

5. Appiko Movement

Year: 1983

Place: Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka State

Leaders: Appiko’s greatest strengths lie in it being neither driven by a personality nor having been formally institutionalised. However, it does have a facilitator in Pandurang Hegde. He helped launch the movement in 1983.

Aim: Against the felling and commercialization of natural forest and the ruin of ancient livelihood