Question

4. Describe each of the four early theory of motivation.

Answer 1

1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory(probably best-known motivation theory)6

Abraham Maslow—a psychologist—proposed that within every person is a hierarchy of five needs:

Each level must be substantially satisfied before the next need becomes dominant; an individual moves up the hierarchy from one level to the next.

2 McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y

Based on two assumptions about human nature.9

Theory X: a negative view of people that assumes workers have little ambition, dislike work, want to avoid responsibility, and need to be closely controlled to work effectively.

Theory Y: a positive view that assumes employees enjoy work, seek out and accept responsibility, and exercise self-direction.

3 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory (also called motivation-hygiene theory)—intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction.

4 McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory

David McClelland and his associates proposed the three-needs theory, which says three acquired (not innate) needs are major motives in work, including:11

need for achievement (nAch), which is the drive to succeed and excel in relation to a set of standards

need for power (nPow), which is the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise

need for affiliation (nAff), which is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships

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