4. Discuss about the employment conditions in Victorian Britain after 1840
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The workshop of the world in the early years of Queen Victoria's reign has been transformed into an economy where more than eight out 10 people work in the service sector, the UK's statistical agency said.
A study of every census for England and Wales since 1841 shows that almost two-thirds of the population worked in factories or on the land at the start of Britain's mid-Victorian heyday.
The Office for National Statistics said 36% of the workforce was employed in manufacturing and a further 22% in agriculture and fishing, while 33% worked in services, half of them as domestic servants. By the early 1880s, more people worked in services than manufacturing although the big fall in industrial employment did not begin until the 1960s.
Britain, the first country to go through an industrial revolution, was the dominant world economy in the 1840s and that strength was concentrated north of a line drawn from the Wash to the Severn Estuary. Southern England outside London was predominantly rural and poorer than the North.
In its study, the ONS charts the increasing sophistication of manufacturing over 170 years, a period in which vastly improved productivity has allowed more to be produced by fewer workers. Innovations from the Bessemer process for mass-producing steel from pig iron to the microprocessor have meant modern industry is a far cry from the mills and foundries of the 1840s
By 2011, fewer than 1% of the working population were employed on farms or fishing fleets, with manufacturing accounting for a further 8.9%. The service sector accounted for 81% of the 26.5 million employees in England and Wales. The latest census shows that three times as many people work in the public sector (28.4%) as in industry.
The ONS said that no part of England and Wales had more than a quarter of its workforce employed in manufacturing, with the highest concentration (24%) found in Corby in the East Midlands, where an enterprise zone with industrial parks was set up in an attempt to compensate for the decline of the steel industry.
In the service industries, the highest concentration of estate agents is to be found in the London borough of Kensington and Chelsea (3.4%) and Hackney has the highest proportion of people working in the arts, entertainment and recreation sector (8.3%). Almost a quarter of people living in Oxford are employed in the education sector, compared with just under 10% for England and Wales as a whole.