5. what is ploughing and cultivating the land called.
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A plough (UK) or plow (US; both /plaʊ/) is a tool or farm implement used for initial cultivation to loosen or turn the soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting.[1] Ploughs were traditionally drawn by working animals such as oxen and horses, but in modern farms are drawn by tractors. A plough may be made of wood, iron, or steel frame with an attached blade or stick used to cut and loosen the soil. It has been a basic instrument for most of history[2], and is one of the most significant inventions. The earliest ploughs were wheelless, with the Romans using a wheelless plough called the aratrum, but Celtic peoples began using wheeled ploughs during the Roman era.[3]
The primary purpose of ploughing is to turn over the upper layer of the soil,[4] bringing fresh nutrients to the surface,[5] while burying weeds and the remains of previous crops and allowing them to decay. As the plough is drawn through the soil, it creates long trenches of fertile soil called furrows. In modern use, a ploughed field is typically left to dry out, and is then harrowed before planting. Ploughing and cultivating a soil homogenises and modifies the upper 12 to 25 centimetres (5 to 10 inch) to form a plough layer, where the majority of fine plant feeder roots grow.
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