Biology, asked by luckythelakshya, 1 year ago

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Answered by mantasakasmani
1
NAME VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF PHLOEM :--

Ø Phloem is a complex tissue, composed of FOUR types of cells (phloem elements)

The components of phloem are:

(1). Sieve elements

(2). Companion cells

(3). Phloem parenchyma

(4). Phloem fibres and Sclereids

Ø In some plants, in addition to the above mentioned cell types, the phloem also have internal secretary tissues such as Laticifers (Hevea) and resin canals.

(1). Sieve elements:-

Ø Sieve elements are the fundamental cell type in the phloem.

Ø They are the food conducting cells in the phloem.

Ø They are living cells in the phloem with protoplasm.


Ø Nucleus is absent in the sieve elements

Ø Lignified secondary cell wall is absent in sieve elements.

Ø Two types of sieve elements are found in the phloem, they are:

(A). Sieve cells

(B). Sieve tubes

(A). Sieve cells

Ø Sieve cells are less specialized and primitive type of sieve elements.

Ø They occur in the phloem of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms.

Ø They are absent in Angiosperms.

Ø They are elongated cells with steep inclined end walls.

(2). Sieve tubes:-

Ø They are advanced type of sieve elements.

Ø They occur in the phloem of Angiosperms.

Ø They are longitudinal series of cells connected one above the other.

Ø Each cell is called sieve tube member or sieve tube element.

Ø In sieve tubes, the sieve area is located on the end wall called sieve plate.

Ø The sieve area in sieve tubes is more specialized and advanced than sieve cells.

Ø The end wall of sieve tubes may be inclined to transverse in their arrangement.

(2). Companion cells :-

Ø Companion cells are specialized parenchymatous cells associated with the sieve tubes of Angiosperms.

Ø Sieve tube member and companion cell arise from common mother cell.

Ø Number of companion cell per sieve tube member varies (one to many).

Ø Companion cells are narrower than sieve tube elements.

Ø Companion cells are thin walled cells with only primary cellulosic cell wall.

Ø They contain a large and prominent nucleus.

Ø They connect to sieve tube elements through plasmodesmata.

Ø They contain many plastids and ribosomes.

Ø Companion cells are metabolically very active.

Ø Physiologically it is associated with sieve tube members

Ø Companion cells provide energy to sieve tube elements for phloem transport.

Ø Companion cells are absent in lower plants (Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms).

(3). Phloem parenchyma :-

Ø Parenchyma occurs in both primary and secondary phloem.

Ø They are thin walled cells with protoplasm and nucleus.

Ø They have primary pit fields on their cell wall.

Ø Some parenchyma cells in the phloem can store starch as grains.

Ø Two types of parenchyma occurs in secondary phloem:

Ø Axial parenchyma

Ø Ray parenchyma

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luckythelakshya: nice answer thanks
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