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Subhas Chandra Bose[pronunciation?] (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945)[11][h] was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India,[12][i][13][j][14][k] but whose attempt during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left a troubled legacy.[15][l][16][m][12][n] The honorific Netaji (Hindustani: "Respected Leader"), first applied in early 1942 to Bose in Germany by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by the German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin, was later used throughout India.[17][o]
Netaji
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg
Leader of Indian National Army[d]
In office
4 July 1943 – 18 August 1945
Preceded by
Mohan Singh
Succeeded by
Office abolished
President of the Indian National Congress
In office
18 January 1938 – 29 April 1939
Preceded by
Jawaharlal Nehru
Succeeded by
Rajendra Prasad
Indian National Congress
President Forward Bloc
In office
22 June 1939 – 16 January 1941
Preceded by
Office created
5th Mayor of Calcutta
In office
22 August 1930 – 15 April 1931
Preceded by
Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
Succeeded by
Bidhan Chandra Roy
Personal details
Born
Subhas Chandra Bose
23 January 1897
Cuttack, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Odisha, India)
Died
18 August 1945 (aged 48)
Army Hospital Nanmon Branch, Taihoku, Japanese Taiwan (present-day Taipei City Hospital Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei, Taiwan)
Cause of death
Third-degree burns from aircrash
Citizenship
British Raj
Spouse(s)
or companion,[4] Emilie Schenkl
(secretly married without ceremony or witnesses in 1937, unacknowledged publicly by Bose.[5])
Children
Anita Bose Pfaff
Mother
Prabhavati Dutt
Father
Janakinath Bose
Education
Baptist Mission's Protestant European School, Cuttack, 1902–09[6]
Ravenshaw Collegiate School, Cuttack, 1909–12[7]
Presidency College, Calcutta, 1912–15 February 1916[8][e][f]
Scottish Church College, Calcutta, 20 July 1917–1919
Fitzwilliam Hall, Non-Collegiate Students Board, Cambridge, 1919–21.[10][g]
Alma mater
University of Calcutta (B.A., Philosophy, 1919)
University of Cambridge (B.A. Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos, 1921.[10])
Known for
Indian nationalism
Signature
Signature of Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose followed Jawaharlal Nehru to leadership in a younger wing of the Indian National Congress, one that was less moderately constitutional in the late 1920s and more open to socialism in the 1930s.[18][p] He rose to become Congress President in 1938. However, soon after being reelected in 1939, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions following differences with Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress high command.[19] He was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940.[20]
Bose arrived in Germany in April 1941, where the leadership offered unexpected, if sometimes ambivalent, sympathy for the cause of India's independence, contrasting starkly with its attitudes towards other colonised peoples and ethnic communities.[21][22] In November 1941, with German funds, a Free India Centre was set up in Berlin, and soon a Free India Radio, on which Bose broadcast nightly. A 3,000-strong Free India Legion, comprising Indians captured by Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps, was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India.[23] By spring 1942, in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities, a German invasion of India became untenable, and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia.[24] Adolf Hitler, during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942, suggested the same, and offered to arrange for a submarine.[25] During this time Bose also became a father; his wife, [5] or companion,[4][q] Emilie Schenkl, whom he had met in 1934, gave birth to a baby girl in November 1942.[5][21] Identifying strongly with the Axis powers, and no longer apologetically, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943.[26][27] Off Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943.[26]
With Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army (INA), then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore.[28] To these, after Bose's arrival, were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya and Singapore. The Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions, such as those in Burma, the Philippines and Manchukuo. Before long the Provisional Government of Free India, presided by Bose, was formed in the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[28][2][r] Bose had great drive and charisma—using popular Indian slogans, such as "Jai Hind,"—and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, and even gender.