Question

•a base having three hydroxyl ions in the molecules.
•the number of hydroxyl ions that one of a base gives on dissociation in water .
•Avis having a relative low percentage of base in its aqueous solution .


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Answer 1

Answer:

Hydroxyl-ion conducting polymers are increasingly studied for application in alkaline fuel cell technology (so-called alkaline anion-exchange membranes fuel cells). High power densities (up to 400 mW cm− 2) and high current densities (up to 1 A cm− 2) have been recently reported.8 The advantages and disadvantages of OH− conducting membranes have been described in detail in recent reviews.9, 10 State-of-the-art materials are conductive, chemically and thermally stable quaternary-ammonium-containing polymers (Fig. 18.6). Cross-linked (OH− exchanging but water insoluble) alkaline interface polymers that allow the preparation of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for alkaline anion-exchange membranes applications have been successfully developed.11 The counter ions (quaternary ammonium groups) to the OH− conduction species are bound to the polymer backbone in the same manner as the counter ions ( groups) are bound to the polymer backbone in commercial proton-conducting polymers such as Nafion®. For example, quaternary-ammonium polysulfone (Fig. 18.6) shows a microstructure similar to that of Nafion, that is a continuous hydrophobic network penetrated by interlinked and nano-sized hydrophilic domains. Such materials are reported to provide both high ionic conductivity (> 10− 2 S cm− 1 at room temperature) and excellent mechanical strength (> 1000 MPa in Young’s modulus), opening the way to fuel cell and electrolysis applications.