Question

A detailed explanation of the effects of physical environment in an ecosystem

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

The Physical Environment in Forests

 Precipitation.  

All plant growth depends on the availability of water, which in forest ecosystems is provided primarily by precipitation, but can also be provided by access to groundwater or, in riparian forest communities, to stream water. Forest canopies intercept some precipitation, and thus only 50-80% of rainfall reaches the forest floor, of which some of that evaporates before entering the soil. Of the precipitation that reaches the soil, approximately 50-80% will be transpired back into the atmosphere by the vegetation. Thus, forests serve as large water pumps between the soil and the atmosphere.

Soil.

Trees are rooted in soil, which provides nutrients and water that support tree growth. The availability of nutrients and water are dependent on soil texture (sand, silt, loam, clay content), pH, cation exchange capacity, and water holding capacity, that are determined not only by soil texture but also by organic matter content, and porosity. These properties are largely a function of the geology of a specific site, which is determined by the bedrock quality, weathered bedrock material, and organic matter incorporated into the weathered bedrock material. Depending on the soil properties, more or less nutrients or water become available to the trees. Nutrients are cycled between the biosphere and the pedosphere (soil) through tree uptake, litterfall, and decomposition. Some nutrients are re-absorbed, for example nitrogen, before the leaves are dropped. However, most nutrients are recycled into the soil via decomposition through microbes and fungi. More importantly, trees are the primary pathway by which water moves between the soil and the atmosphere. However, trees can also redistribute water within the soil. When trees have access to groundwater and the topsoil is dry, then hydraulic lift can occur. Hydraulic lift is the biologically mediated process of water redistribution through primarily plant roots (Caldwell et al. 1998, Dawson 1993), but can also be facilitated through, for example, mycorrhizal mycelia from lower moist soil layers to upper dryer soil layers. Recently, it has been also shown that roots transport water laterally in the soil to dryer soil regions (Nadezhdina et al. 2010).  

Light.

Forests alter microclimatological conditions due to their height, leaf area, and density, through the absorption of radiation and cooling through transpiration. For example, in a deciduous forest canopy, light reaches the floor in the winter time, but less so in the summer time when leaves are blocking the passage of light to the ground (see Figure 1-left hand side Feb 4th and right hand side July 24th 2006 in the New Jersey Pine Barrens oak-pine forest, from Schäfer et al. 2010). This has consequences for photosynthesis, transpiration, and understory processes. Photosynthesis requires light and carbon dioxide (CO2) which enters through stomata in the leaves and needles of forest tree species. Stomata are pores that can open and close to regulate the uptake of CO2 and the loss of water (transpiration). This is a basic trade-off that all plants need to make, and highlights the critical role of stomata in controlling transpiration and photosynthesis. As light penetrates the canopy, it is attenuated (i.e., decreased). Thus leaves lower in the canopy receive less light and have to develop in such a way to maintain a positive carbon balance via photosynthesis. This is accomplished by orienting the leaves horizontally, and making them larger and thinner, which allows them to capture more light per amount of leaf material-in essence displaying shade leaf properties. Concomitant with reduced light, carboxylation efficiency, or the efficiency of carbon uptake in leaves, is also reduced (Schäfer et al. 2010). Leaf shape and placement, though, can play an important role. In coniferous canopies, due to the shoot structure and narrow leaf shape, more light penetrates, thus enhancing photosynthesis lower in the canopy and in the understory species. The effect of light bouncing in-between needles on a shoot, is referred to as the penumbral effect (Anderson & Miller 1974).

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Answer 2

Environment Effects

Explanation:

• The physical condition alongside the life forms (biota) occupying that space, make up a biological system.
• The procedures incorporate not just the birth, development, proliferation, and passing of biota in that specific biological system, yet in addition the cooperations among species and physical qualities of the topographical condition.  
• The Environment  impact by the human. People sway the physical condition from numerous points of view  overpopulation, contamination, consuming petroleum derivatives, and deforestation. Changes such as poor air quality ,soil disintegration ,undrinkable water  and have a activated environmental changes.  
• A biological system is a network of plants, creatures and other living life forms that share the advantages of a specific space or condition, for example, air, nourishment, water and soil.
• The outcome is an Earth-wide temperature boost, water deficiency, annihilation of species, and so forth. These effects each living thing on the planet, which incorporates us  
• Nature, or natural science, is the part of science that reviews the relationship of plants and creatures to their physical and organic condition.
• The physical condition incorporates light and heat or sun based radiation, dampness, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, supplements in soil, water and air.