Question

a new kind of tools used in isolated period was the​

Answer 1

Answer:

turbines, generators, etc.

Answer 2

Answer:

ISOLATION AND QUARANTINE: CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES FOR SARS 2003

1. Cetron M, Maloney S, Koppaka R, et al.

Publication Details

Quarantine is an ancient tool used to prevent the spread of disease. The Bible describes the sequestering of persons with leprosy, and the practice was used widely in 14th-century Europe to control the spread of bubonic and pneumonic plague. To prevent disease transmission, ships were required to stay in harbor for 40 days before disembarkation (thus the term quarantine, which derives from the Latin quadragina or the Italian quaranta, meaning 40).

Quarantine has been used for centuries, but because it was often implemented in a way that equated disease with crime, the practice has negative connotations.

Persons under quarantine were often detained without regard to their essential needs. Those who were exposed but not yet ill were not always separated from the ill, allowing disease to spread within the detained group. Populations targeted for quarantine, such as foreigners, were stigmatized. In some cases, the power of quarantine was abused; for example, at the end of the 19th century, the steerage passengers on arriving ships were frequently quarantined while the firstand second-class passengers were allowed to disembark without being examined for illness.

Despite its history, quarantine—when properly applied and practiced according to modern public health principles—can be a highly effective tool in preventing the spread of contagious disease. It may play an especially important role when vaccination or prophylactic treatment is not possible, as was the case with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Even when direct medical counter-measures are available (e.g., smallpox and pneumonic plague), reducing mobility in the at-risk population may enable the most rapid and efficient delivery of postexposure vaccination and chemoprophylaxis.

Isolation and Quarantine

Before discussing the role of quarantine as a component of community response and containment for SARS, it is necessary to distinguish, from a public health perspective, between the related practices of isolation and quarantine. Both are usually imposed by health officials on a voluntary basis; however, federal, state, and local officials have the authority to impose mandatory quarantine and isolation when necessary to protect the public’s health.

Isolation refers to the separation and restricted movement of ill persons who have a contagious disease in order to prevent its transmission to others. It typically occurs in a hospital setting, but can be done at home or in a special facility. Usually individuals are isolated, but the practice may be applied in larger groups.

Quarantine refers to the restriction of movement or separation of well persons who have been exposed to a contagious disease, before it is known whether they will become ill. Quarantine usually takes place in the home and may be applied at the individual level or to a group or community of exposed persons.

Contact surveillance, in the context of quarantine, is the process of monitoring persons who have been exposed to a contagious disease for signs and symptoms of that disease. Surveillance may be done passively, for example, by informing contacts to seek medical attention if signs or symptoms occur. Contact surveillance can also be performed actively, for example, by having health workers telephone contacts daily to inquire about signs and symptoms or even having health workers directly assess contacts for fever or other symptoms. All quarantined persons should be monitored for development of signs and symptoms of disease to ensure appropriate isolation, management, and/or treatment. For persons without a known contact but believed to be at increased risk for disease or exposure, enhanced surveillance and education can be used for risk assessment monitoring. During the SARS epidemic, this approach was used effectively with airline passengers arriving in the United States from areas of high transmission during the SARS epidemic.