A vehicle without motive power and design to be drawn is called
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Industrial batteries
Motive power batteries are generally of higher quality than SLI batteries. Their most important characteristics are constant output voltage, high volumetric capacity at relatively low unit cost, good resistance to vibration and a long service life. Since electric motors used for motive power require high currents for long periods, traction batteries must be able to sustain prolonged and deep discharges followed by deep recharges, usually on a daily sequence. A typical discharge rate for this type of system might be C/5, and up to 80% of the nominal capacity would be required for daily service. The size and performance of traction batteries vary over a wide range: the voltage used may be 12–240 V and the capacity of each cell extends from 100 to 1500 Ah or more. The specific energy of these units is normally in the range 20–30 Wh/kg (55–77 Wh/dm3) and the cycle life is 1000–1500 cycles. In Fig. 5.12, charge and discharge curves for a typical traction battery are shown. Prototype lead–acid traction batteries with energy densities of over 40 Wh/kg and 1000 cycle lifetime, and with energy densities up to 60 Wh/kg but with lower cycle lives, have been developed by a number of manufacturers. In Fig. 5.13 the assembly of the type of cell used in a traction battery is shown: the multitubular positive plates give the cell high specific energy and capacity and assure a long cycle life. Positive plates are sometimes constructed using pasted grids, but in this case it is necessary to incorporate glass wool felt and special separators to absorb shocks and vibration and to prevent shedding of active material. Traction batteries are used in industrial trucks, e.g. ‘fork-lift’ trucks, milk floats and other delivery vehicles, mining and other tractors, industrial sweepers and scrubbers, golf carts, etc. VRLA batteries are also under development for electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles.