Question

a.Write short note on:
i. Fault
ii. Plate Tectonics

b.How do Chinese predict earthquakes?

c.Write main cause of following earthquakes:

i. Earthquake of California in 1906
ii. Earthquake in Bhuj (Gujarat) in 2001.
iii. The Koyna Earthquake of 1967.

d. Mention two constructive and one destructive effect of Earthquakes.


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Answer 1

Explanation:

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south dipping fault

Answer 2

1.

Fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movement. Large faults within the Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as subduction zones or transform faults.[1] Energy release associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes. Faults may also displace slowly, by aseismic creep.A fault plane is the plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault.

Plate tectonics is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of Earth's lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3.3[2] and 3.5 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted plate-tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction, or one plate moving under another, carries the lower one down into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the lithosphere remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle.

2.

China has been conducting a persistent and systematic observation and monitoring experiment to falsify the hypothesis of premonitory anomalies and the predictability of earthquakes and the application of the assessment of time-dependent seismic hazard to the reduction of earthquake disaster risk. Such an endeavor, with cases of both successes and failures, provided lessons which are heuristic for the studies in earthquake science and social sustainability. This paper provides the background information of such an endeavor, discussing on the achievements and space for improvements of this long lasting and continuing effort.

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