Accounting includes few steps after the completion of book-keeping. Explain them.
Answers
The eight steps to the accounting cycle include the following:
Step 1: Identify Transactions
The first step in the accounting cycle is identifying transactions. Companies will have many transactions throughout the accounting cycle. Each one needs to be properly recorded on the company’s books.
Recordkeeping is essential for recording all types of transactions. Many companies will use point of sale technology linked with their books to record sales transactions. Beyond sales, there are also expenses that can come in many varieties.
Step 2: Record Transactions in a Journal
The second step in the cycle is the creation of journal entries for each transaction. Point of sale technology can help to combine Steps 1 and 2, but companies must also track their expenses. The choice between accrual and cash accounting will dictate when transactions are officially recorded. Keep in mind, accrual accounting requires the matching of revenues with expenses so both must be booked at the time of sale.
Cash accounting requires transactions to be recorded when cash is either received or paid. Double-entry bookkeeping calls for recording two entries with each transaction in order to manage a thoroughly developed balance sheet along with an income statement and cash flow statement.
With double-entry accounting, each transaction has a debit and a credit equal to each other. Single-entry accounting is comparable to managing a checkbook. It gives a report of balances but does not require multiple entries.
Step 3: Posting
Once a transaction is recorded as a journal entry, it should post to an account in the general ledger. The general ledger provides a breakdown of all accounting activities by account. This allows a bookkeeper to monitor financial positions and statuses by account. One of the most commonly referenced accounts in the general ledger is the cash account which details how much cash is available.
Step 4: Unadjusted Trial Balance
At the end of the accounting period, a trial balance is calculated as the fourth step in the accounting cycle. A trial balance tells the company its unadjusted balances in each account. The unadjusted trial balance is then carried forward to the fifth step for testing and analysis.
Step 5: Worksheet
Analyzing a worksheet and identifying adjusting entries make up the fifth step in the cycle. A worksheet is created and used to ensure that debits and credits are equal. If there are discrepancies then adjustments will need to be made.
In addition to identifying any errors, adjusting entries may be needed for revenue and expense matching when using accrual accounting.
Step 6: Adjusting Journal Entries
In the sixth step, a bookkeeper makes adjustments. Adjustments are recorded as journal entries where necessary.
Step 7: Financial Statements
After the company makes all adjusting entries, it then generates its financial statements in the seventh step. For most companies, these statements will include an income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement.
Step 8: Closing the Books
Finally, a company ends the accounting cycle in the eighth step by closing its books at the end of the day on the specified closing date. The closing statements provide a report for analysis of performance over the period.
After closing, the accounting cycle starts over again from the beginning with a new reporting period. At closing is usually a good time to file paperwork, plan for the next reporting period, and review a calendar of future events and tasks.