age of revolutions class 10 history chapter 1 explain
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As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe . revolutions were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite. In the first upheaval which took place in France in July 1830 resulted in liberal revolutionaries overthrowing Bourbon kings. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The Greek war of independence against Ottoman Empire created nationalist feelings across Europe. Many supported their cause, inspired by the idea of the the cradle of European civilisation 's struggle against a Muslim empire. Eventually, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling:
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. They strove to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. In Germany, there was emphasis on folk culture while Poland, which had been partioned amonst various powers, retained it's national identity by its usage of the Polish language.
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt:
In 1830s there was great economic hardship faced by most of Europe. As there was a great increase in population it led tolack of jobs, mass migration from rural areas to overcrowded urban slums. Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from cheap English imports which were products of industrialisation. In some regions of Europe, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
The rise of food prices anda year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country. The year 1848 was one such year. Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic
granted suffrage to all adult males above 21
and guaranteed the right to work
National workshops to provide employment were set up.
1848: The Revolution of the Liberals:
in many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.
Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.
In other parts where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. When offered the crown on these terms, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
The social basis of parliament eroded. The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
Despite their participation they were denied suffrage. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
Monarchs were realized that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815. Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.
The Greek war of independence against Ottoman Empire created nationalist feelings across Europe. Many supported their cause, inspired by the idea of the the cradle of European civilisation 's struggle against a Muslim empire. Eventually, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling:
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. They strove to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. In Germany, there was emphasis on folk culture while Poland, which had been partioned amonst various powers, retained it's national identity by its usage of the Polish language.
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt:
In 1830s there was great economic hardship faced by most of Europe. As there was a great increase in population it led tolack of jobs, mass migration from rural areas to overcrowded urban slums. Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from cheap English imports which were products of industrialisation. In some regions of Europe, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
The rise of food prices anda year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country. The year 1848 was one such year. Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic
granted suffrage to all adult males above 21
and guaranteed the right to work
National workshops to provide employment were set up.
1848: The Revolution of the Liberals:
in many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.
Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.
In other parts where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. When offered the crown on these terms, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
The social basis of parliament eroded. The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
Despite their participation they were denied suffrage. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
Monarchs were realized that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815. Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.
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