Question

all formula of narration

Answer 1

We often  need  to report  messages , speeches, comments, requests  etc.  of a  person or  persons  to  others.

We may  report the words of a speaker in two ways:

[1] we may quote his  actual words. This is called  direct speech.

[2]  we may  report  what  he said  without quoting  his exact words. This  is called  indirect speech or  reported speech.

Mrs. Smith says , “ I am  ill”.(direct speech)

Mrs. Smith says  that  she  is ill ( indirect  speech)

PUNCTUATION  OF DIRECT SPEECH

The speech which  is under quotation marks   or inverted commas  in writing  is called  direct speech  and  the verb by  which it is expressed is called  reporting verb.

 Three Features  Of Direct  Speech:


i)                    In writing , the direct speech  is put within  inverted commas (“..”)  to  mark off the exact words of the  speaker . of course , in dialogues, inverted  commas  are often left out.

ii)                   A comma is used after  reporting verb. Of course, in dialogues,   reporting verb and comma are not needed.

iii)                 The first letter of the  direct speech is a capital letter.

iv)                 Now  read the  following table:

DIRECT SPEECH

Speaker

Reporting verb

Direct speech

Sitesh

Said,

“ I am very busy”


INDIRECT SPEECH

Reporter

Reporting verb

Linker

Reported speech

Sitesh

Said

That

He was very busy.

It will be  noticed that, in changing the direct speech into indirect , certain grammatical changes have been made:

i)                    We have  used the linker ‘ that’ before the reported speech  or indirect  statement.

ii)                   The pronoun ‘I’ is changed to ‘he’

iii)                  The verb ‘am’ is changed  to ‘was’.

RULES  FOR CHANGING DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT

i)                    We use  a linker  before  the indirect speech:

Direct : he said, “ I am busy”.

Indirect : he said  that  he was busy.

N.B  the linker  that is often  omitted  in spoken  English

ii)    the pronouns are changed according  to sense:

Direct :  Sally said,” I do not like  milk in  my tea”.

Indirect: Sally said that he  does  not like  milk in his tea.

Direct : Sally said to his  friend, ”you are ill”.

Indirect : Sally told  his  friend that  he was ill.

Direct : Sally  said to me , “ you will not play”.

Indirect : Sally  told  me  that   would  not  play.

Direct : I said  to you , “ I don’t believe you”.

Indirect : I said  ( that) I didn’t  believe you.

ii)                    If the  Reporting verbs  is in the past Tense , we must  make  the following changes :

Direct

a.       Present indefinite

b.      Present continuous

c.       Present perfect continuous

d.      Past indefinite

e.      Present perfect

f.        Past perfect

g.       Past continuous

h.      Future (shall/  will)


Becomes

Becomes

Becomes



Becomes

Becomes

becomes

Indirect

Past indefinite

Past continuous

Past perfect continuous


 Past perfect


Past perfect continuous

Future (should/would)





Change  in  time  and place  expressions in past tense

Now

Ago

Today

Tonight

Tomorrow

Yesterday

Last night

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

Then

Before

That day

 That night

The next day

The previous  day

The previous night


Here

Hence

This

These

Thus

Thus

come

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

Becomes

There

Thence

That

 Those

That way

So

 Go( not always)



Note   1   student often  change  ‘it’  into ‘that’ in the  indirect. But that  is wrong it remains unchanged:

Direct :  The boy  said , “ I ‘ll do the work now”.

Indirect :  The boy  said that he would  do the work then.

Direct  :  He  said ,” I am  glad to be here this evening”.

Indirect :  He said  that he was glad to  be there that evening

Direct : He said ,” I shall go to Delhi tomorrow”.

Indirect : He said that he would  go to Delhi the next day

Direct : I said  to him, ”I may come  to your office”.

Indirect : I told him that  I might  go to his office.

Direct : He said, “ I have  never  seen anything like it”.

Indirect : He said  that he  had never seen  anything  like it.

Note  2  the changes do not  occur  if the speech is  reported during the same  period  or at the same place:

Speaker (at 10 a.m) : The inspector will visit  our school today.

Reporter ( at  10.a.m) : He says that the inspector will visit their school today.

Reporter  ( next day) :He  said that the inspector  would  visit their school that day

Speaker  ( in Kolkata): sir Asutosh Mukherjee was  born  here

Reporter : (in Kolkata , but after  a few days): He said  that Sir Asutosh Mukherjee was born here

Reporter ( in Delhi) :He said that that Sir Asutosh Mukherjee was born there

NARRATION OF ASSERTIVE SENTENCE [STATEMENT]

Direct     : He said, ”I do it”.

Indirect   : he said that he did  it.

Direct     : He said ,” I am writing a letter”

Indirect   : He said  that he was writing a letter.

Direct      :  He said , “  I have been suffering  from fever”.

Indirect   : He said  that he had been suffering  from fever.

Direct      : He said , “ I wrote a letter “.

Indirect    : He said  that he had  written a letter .

 Direct      : He said ,  “  I have   passed the examination B.      Use different forms of tenses of the verb ‘write’ as in the following example and then change the narration:

Tense

Direct

Indirect

Simple Present

Answer 2

Hyyyy_____✔️✔️✔️




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Dear friends...........!
There is a formula regarding direct indirect:

S O N
1 2 3

S: subject
O: Object
N: No change.

✳️It means that 1st person pronoun used in the reported speech (which is in inverted commas) will be changed according to the subject of reporting speech.

✳️And 2nd person pronoun used in the reported speech (which is in inverted commas) will be changed according to the object of reporting speech.

✳️And 3rd person pronoun will remain unchanged.



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