analysis on project on environmental pollution.
Answers
Explanation:
Background
Information on life expectancy change is of great concern for policy makers, as evidenced by the discussions of the so-called "harvesting" issue (i.e. the question being, how large a loss each death corresponds to in the mortality results of time series studies).
Methods
Whereas most epidemiological studies of air pollution mortality have been formulated in terms of mortality risk, this paper shows that a formulation in terms of life expectancy change is mathematically equivalent, but offers several advantages: it automatically takes into account the constraint that everybody dies exactly once, regardless of pollution; it provides a unified framework for time series, intervention studies and cohort studies; and in time series and intervention studies, it yields the life expectancy change directly as a time integral of the observed mortality rate.
Results
Results are presented for life expectancy change in time series studies. Determination of the corresponding total number of attributable deaths (as opposed to the number of observed deaths) is shown to be problematic. The time variation of mortality after a change in exposure is shown to depend on the processes by which the body can repair air pollution damage, in particular on their time constants.
Answer:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment discusses technical developments and data arising from environmental monitoring and assessment, principles in the design of monitoring systems, and the use of monitoring data in assessing the consequences of natural resource management and pollution risks.
Pollution Analysis can provide an important aid in the choice of the strategy to control the level of some hazardous elements. The difficulties in detecting polluting sources from experimental data are related not only to the adoption of suitable and systematic measuring procedure, but also to a correct management of the available information. From the theoretical point of view, the use of simplified models, coupled with classical regularization techniques, shows that, in general, the problem is badly posed and consequently, numerically ill-conditioned. Hence the possibility of using expert systems algorithms, introducing further qualitative information, improves the reliability of the solutions.
The problem is first solved using traditional procedures, showing that the distributed sources are not recognized. Afterwards, different results obtained from various algorithms derived from the assumed a-priori knowledge are examined. In this case, it is possible to obtain a more realistic situation of the pollution sources, inside the boundaries of the controlled area.
Related: Pollution Control Conferences | Global Warming Conferences | Climate Change Conferences | Environmental Conferences | Natural Hazards and Disaster Management