Andrew Johnson's plan and actions during Reconstruction were widely criticized by the Radical Republicans, and later most of Congress. Johnson clashed with Congress over most of its proposals to reconstruct the South, emboldening Southerners determined to restore their dominance over blacks and maintain a low-cost work force by any means necessary.
Riots in Memphis and New Orleans, spurred by prejudice, vengeance, and a desire to prevent blacks from exercising their freedoms and rights, epitomized what many saw as a situation spiraling out of control in the South. Thomas Nast, a famed political cartoonist and staunch Radical Republican, published this caricature outlining Johnson's stance on Reconstruction in an effort to draw attention to the stark similarities—for blacks—between slavery and Reconstruction.
Examine the cartoon and read the annotation. Then respond with a brief essay giving your personal reaction to Johnson's approach to Reconstruction. Present at least three specific points in your analysis.
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Answer:
Andrew Johnson was the first President of the United States of America to be impeached.
On April 15, 1865, John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. Vice President Andrew Johnson became president. Johnson's presidential administration was contentious and led to his impeachment.
The principal reason why the United States House of Representatives impeached Johnson was the existence of differing views over the nation's reunification following the American Civil War. Upon assuming office, Johnson retained all of Lincoln's cabinet officials. He at first followed a harsh policy toward the defeated Southerners, denying political rights to anyone who had supported the Confederacy in a military or governmental role during the rebellion. He also agreed to the arrest of several prominent Confederate officials. Johnson pursued this course at the urging of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, an Ohioan, and Radical Republicans in the United States Congress.
Johnson, however, did not desire to punish all Southerners for the Civil War. He blamed wealthy and powerful planters for the conflict. Johnson wanted to reunite the nation as quickly as possible, while punishing the leaders of the rebellion. He granted political rights to all Southerners who swore allegiance to the United States except for wealthy landowners and Confederate officials. Those Southerners that Johnson excluded from political rights could attain them by seeking a pardon directly from him. During late 1865, Johnson pardoned hundreds of applicants every day. He granted pardons to roughly ninety percent of the people who asked for them. By December 1865, Johnson also had allowed ten of the eleven seceded states back into the Union. His only conditions were that the states adopt a constitution that repudiated secession, acknowledged the end to slavery, and repudiated any debts that the states had entered into during the Civil War.
The Radical Republicans in Congress were angered by Johnson's actions. They refused to allow Southern representatives and senators to take their seats in Congress. In 1866, the Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill, which granted African Americans equal protection under the law with whites. The Congress also renewed the Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. President Johnson vetoed both of these bills, but the Congress overturned both vetoes. Following the congressional elections of 1866, the Republican Party controlled more than two-thirds of the seats in both houses of Congress. As a result of the Republican election victory, the Congress now dictated how the reconstruction of the Union would proceed.
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Answer:
When John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson became president. However, Johnson's presidential administration was controversial to the American public and lead to his impeachment.
The primary reason why the House of Representatives impeached Andrew Johnson was because he had different political views on the nation's reunification after the American Civil War. Once he got into office, Johnson kept all of Lincoln's existing cabinet officials. However, Johnson agreed to a gruesome policy that would affect the defeated Southerners by denying political rights to anyone that supported the Confederacy during the Civil War. He also wanted to arrest several Confederate officials.
Johnson did not want to punish every Southerners for the Civil War because he blamed the rich and powerful slave owners for the Civil War. Like Abraham Lincoln, Johnson wanted to reunite the nation as quickly as possible. Unlike Abraham Lincoln, Johnson wanted to punish the leaders of the confederacy. Johnson gave political rights to every Southerners who swore allegiance to the United States. They only Southerners who would not be allowed political rights would be the wealthy landowners and Confederate officials. If you were a Southerner that was excluded from political rights, you could ask for a pardon from Johnson directly. By the mid 1860s, Johnson had pardoned hundreds of Southern applicants every day.Johnson pardoned about 90% of everyone that asked. By December of 1865, Johnson allowed 10 out of the 11 seceded states back into the USA. In order to be allowed back into the Union, the state would have to repudiated secession, acknowledged the end to slavery, and pay off any debts that the states had entered into during the Civil War.
Radical Republicans in Congress were extremely angry at Johnson for his actions. They did not want to see Southern representatives and senators take back their seats in Congress. In 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill, which gave African Americans equal protection under law with whites. Congress also renewed the Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. President Johnson tried to veto both of these bills, however Congress overturned both of the vetoes. After the congressional elections of 1866, the Republican Party controlled more than 2/3 of the seats in both houses of Congress. Since the Republicans gained this much power in the election victory, the Congress now dictated how the reconstruction of the Union would continue.
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