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This was the 2nd part because this answer was not fitting there...
15. a- is the in the attachment
b. Primary structure is the order in which what amino acid is bound the other with a peptide bond. This is coded for by the order of codons in a gene.
Tertiary structure is when the secondary structures interact with each other through disulphide bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions etc. This is all determined by the placement of certain amino acids within the proteins secondary structure.
16.
a. Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present. Prolactin plays an important role in maternal behavior.
The hormone counteracts the effect of dopamine.[citation needed]
Elevated levels of prolactin decrease the levels of sex hormones — estrogen in women and testosterone in men. The effects of mildly elevated levels of prolactin are much more variable, in women, substantially increasing or decreasing estrogen levels.
b. Secretin helps digestion by causing the stomach to make pepsin, prompting the liver to make bile, and causing the pancreas to make digestive juices [R].
In addition, this hormone is important for processes that are involved in water/fluid balance .
Finally, it also functions as a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) in the brain.
c. Aldosterone affects sodium, potassium, total fluid in the body, and blood pressure. Aldosterone causes the kidneys to hold onto more sodium, which leads to more water staying in the body. The more fluid the body holds onto, the higher the blood pressure may become. Potassium may decrease as the amount of aldosterone increases. Aldosterone also directly affects the heart and blood vessels.
17.
a. Enterokinase, also called Enteropeptidase, proteolytic enzyme (q.v.), secreted from the duodenal mucosa, that changes the inactive pancreatic secretion trypsinogen into trypsin, one of the enzymes that digest proteins. Enterokinase is believed to be produced by the glands of Brunner in the membrane lining of the duodenum. It resists destruction from the various enzymes in the small intestine but is destroyed by bacteria in the large intestine. Enterokinase can also change inactive procarboxypeptidase into the active enzyme carboxypeptidase.
b. Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs after fully exhaling. Doctors use tests to measure a person's residual air volume to help check how well the lungs are functioning.
c. Protein malnutrition is detrimental at any point in life, but protein malnutrition prenatally has been shown to have significant lifelong effects. During pregnancy, one should aim for a diet that consists of at least 20% protein for the health of the fetus. Diets that consist of less than 6% protein in utero have been linked with many deficits, including decreased brain weight, increased obesity, and impaired communication within the brain in some animals. Even diets of mild protein malnutrition (7.2%) have been shown to have lasting and significant effects in rats. The following are some studies in which prenatal protein deficiency has been shown to have unfavorable consequences.
B).Through out the intestinal tract small projections called villi are present these help in absorption and easy transportation to intestinal opening
C).during jaundice the breakdown of haemoglobin increases as you know it break into heme and globules. The over assimilation of this sub particals of this pigment turn color of skin eye etc pale yellowish.
Q7): a )
B) auxin
C)ethylene
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