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Formation of Northern Plain:
(i) The Indian Peninsula drifted towards the north and finally collided with the much larger Eurasi plate.
(ii) This caused folding of the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosynclines (known as Tethys). This led to the formation of mountain systems of West Asia and Himalayas.
(iii) The northern part of the Indian Peninsula got subsided due to the uplift of Himalayas in the Tethys Sea.
(iv) That basin was filled with sediments from the river.
(v) The whole procedure led to the formation of a flat land of alluvial soil, which is known as the northern plains of India.
i) Himadri (Great or Inner Himalayas) It is the most continuous range. The northernmost range is called the Himadri. ...
(ii) Himachal (Lesser Himalayas) It lies to the south of Himadri and forms the most rugged mountain system. ...
(iii) Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas) This is the outermost range of the Himalayas.
According to the various relief features, the Northern Plains can be divided into four regions:
(i) The Bhabar Belt. The Bhabar is that narrow belt of the plain which is covered with pebbles and lies along the foothills of the Shiwaliks from the Indus to the Teesta. This belt is laid down by numerous streams descending down the hills. All the streams disappear in this Bhabar Belt.
(ii) The Terai Belt. It lies next to the Bhabar region and is composed of newer alluvium. These plains are formed due to the re-emergence of rivers and thus creating a wet, swampy and marshy region known as terai. It was thickly forested region full of wildlife. But now the forests have been cleared to create agricultural land and to settle migrants from Pakistan after partition.
(iii) The Bhangar Belt. It is formed from older alluvium. They lie above the flood plains of the rivers and present a terrace like feature. These plains are found far from the river basins. The soil in this region contains calcareous deposits locally known as Kankar which is less fertile.
(iv) The Khadar Belt. The newer, younger deposits of the flood plains are called Khadar. They are renewed almost every year. So they are very fertile and ideal ,for intensive agriculture.
Main features of the Peninsular Plateau:
(i) It is a table land composed of the old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
(ii) It is formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land.
(iii) It has broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills.
(iv) It consists of two broad divisions, namely, the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.
(v) The Central Highlands are wider in the West but narrower in the East.
(vi) The Deccan Plateau is higher in the West and slopes gently eastwards.
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