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AS FOR ALL ANIMALS, YOUR BODY IS MADE OF FOUR TYPES OF TISSUE: EPIDERMAL, MUSCLE, NERVE, AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES. PLANTS, TOO, ARE BUILT OF TISSUES, BUT NOT SURPRISINGLY, THEIR VERY DIFFERENT LIFESTYLES DERIVE FROM DIFFERENT KINDS OF TISSUES. ALL THREE TYPES OF PLANT CELLS ARE FOUND IN MOST PLANT TISSUES. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES ARE DERMAL, GROUND, AND VASCULAR TISSUES.
DERMAL TISSUE
DERMAL TISSUE COVERS THE OUTSIDE OF A PLANT IN A SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS CALLED THE EPIDERMIS . YOU CAN THINK OF THE EPIDERMIS AS THE PLANT’S SKIN. IT MEDIATES MOST OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A PLANT AND ITS ENVIRONMENT. EPIDERMAL CELLS SECRETE A WAXY SUBSTANCE CALLED CUTICLE , WHICH COATS, WATERPROOFS, AND PROTECTS THE ABOVE-GROUND PARTS OF PLANTS. CUTICLE HELPS PREVENT WATER LOSS, ABRASIONS, INFECTIONS, AND DAMAGE FROM TOXINS.
THIS TISSUE INCLUDES SEVERAL TYPES OF SPECIALIZED CELLS. PAVEMENT CELLS, LARGE, IRREGULARLY SHAPED PARENCHYMAL CELLS WHICH LACK CHLOROPLASTS, MAKE UP THE MAJORITY OF THE EPIDERMIS. WITHIN THE EPIDERMIS, THOUSANDS OF PAIRS OF BEAN-SHAPED SCHLERENCHYMAL GUARD CELLS SWELL AND SHRINK BY OSMOSIS TO OPEN AND CLOSE STOMATA, TINY PORES WHICH CONTROL THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE GASES AND THE RELEASE OF WATER VAPOR. THE LOWER SURFACES OF SOME LEAVES CONTAIN AS MANY AS 100,000 STOMATA PER SQUARE CENTIMETER.
The leaf and stem epidermis is covered with pores called stomata (sing., stoma), part of a stoma complex consisting of a pore surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells, and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts. ... The stoma is bounded by two guard cells
.There are two main protection tissues: epidermis and periderm. The epidermis is found covering the organs with primary growth and periderm covers the organs with secondary growth.
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