Question

Antibiotics structure functions and classification

Answer 1

Antibiotics: Antibiotics are the chemical therapeutic agents of microbial or synthetic or semi-synthetic origin which in lower concentration inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
Classification of antibiotics
A] On the basis of chemical structure
B] On the basis of origin
C] On the basis of range of activity ( spectrum of activity)
D] On the basis of mode of action
E] On the basis of effects of their activity
F] On the basis of route of administration
A] Classification of antibiotics on the basis of chemical structure:
1. Carbohydrate containing Antibiotics:
2. Pure saccharides antibiotics: examples; Streptozotocin
3. Aminoglycosides: examples; Streptomycin
4. N/O glycosides: eg. Chromomycin
5. Other: eg; Lincomycin
6. Macrocyclic lactone antibiotics: eg. Erythromycin
7. Quinolones antibiotics; eg. Fluroquinolone
8. N-containing heterocyclic antibiotics: eg. Beta-lactum
9. O-containing heterocyclic antibiotics: eg. Cycloserine
0. Alicyclic antibiotics: eg. Cycloheximide
1. Aromatic antibiotics (Nitrobenzene): eg. Chloramphenicol
2. Aliphatic amine antibiotics: eg. Spermidine
3. Peptide antibiotics: eg. Polymyxin, Bacitracin, Gramicidin
B] Classification of antibiotics on the basis of origin:
1.Microbial origin:
i. Bacterial origin:
Bacillus polymyxa : Polymyxin
Chromobacter violaceum : Bacitracin
Micromonospora spp: Gentamycin
ii. Fungal origin:
Penicillium notatum : Penicillin
Cephalosporin spp: Cephalosporin
iii. Actimomycetes origin:
Streptomyces griseus: Streptomycin
S. venezuelue : Chloramphenicol
S. erythreus : Erythromycin
S. mediterranae : Rifampicin
S. venezuelae : Chloramphenicol
2. Semi-synthetic antibiotics:
Examples: Amoxycillin, Ampicillin, Doxycycline, Tigecycline, Sulfonamide etc
3. Synthetic antibiotics:
Examples: Chloramphenicol (* it was extracted from
Streptomyces venzuelae but now produced synthetically), 4-quinolones, Sulfonamide
C] Classification of antibiotics on the basis of range of activity (spectrum of activity):
1.Narrow spectrum:
Active towards relatively fewer microorganisms.
Examples: macrolides, Polymyxin
2. Moderate spectrum:
Active towards Gram Positive bacteria as well as some systemic and UTI causing Gram negative bacteria.
Examples: Aminoglycosides, Sulfonamide
3. Narrow-Broad spectrum:
Active against Gram positive and gram negative
Examples: Beta-lactum
4. Broad spectrum:
Active against Gram positive and Gram negative except
Pseudomonas and Mycobacteria.
Examples: Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline
5. Anti-mycobacterial antibiotics:
Examples: Ethambutol, Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide
D] Classification of antibiotics on the basis of Mode of action:
1. Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis/ Peptidoglycan Inhibitors:
Examples:
Beta-lactum; Penicillin
Bacitracin
Cycloserine
Phosphomycin
Cephalosporin
Vancomycin
2. Inhibitor of protein synthesis:
Examples:
Streptomycin
Aminoglycosides
Fusidic acid
Tetracycline
Mupirocin
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
3. Inhibitor of Nucleic acid synthesis:
Examples:
Quinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Nalidixic acid
Metronidazole
Nitrofurantoin
4. Inhibitor of folic acid synthesis (Folate antagonistic)
Examples:
Sulfonamide
Trimethoprim
5. Inhibitor of cytoplasmic membrane:
Examples:
Polymyxin; Colistin

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