appreciate the role of scientists in developing the concept of respiration
Answers
Traditional emphasis in respiratory physiology normally places emphasis on the respiratory pump muscles such as the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles in generating effective breathing. These muscles are indeed designated as the primary muscles of breathing because their contraction expands the thoracic cavity and brings air into the lungs, that is, they generate airflow. Before effective lung ventilation can occur, however, air has to pass through the region of the upper airway. The muscles in this region are considered secondary muscles of breathing because although their activation does not generate airflow per se, their activation modulates the resistance to airflow.
The upper airway is a collapsible tube vulnerable to closure during breathing because this region of the breathing apparatus is surrounded by a complex anatomical arrangement of skeletal muscles and soft tissues, an arrangement unlike other regions of the respiratory tract such as the trachea and bronchi that are supported by a more rigid cartilaginous structure.
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