Question

Article on tourism and terrorism 300 hundred words.

Answer 1

In last decades, the specialized literature has focused on the impacts of terrorism in tourism and hospitality industries. This essay explores the viewpoint that tourism and terrorism are inextricably intertwined. The essay questions the idea that tourism is a peace keeping mechanism. Rather, tourism is a disciplined way of terrorism, a tolerated form of exploitation based on law. Fundamentally, spectacle and exploitation underlies tourism and terrorism. It begins with a brief review of the history of anarchism, its relationship with worker unions and terrorists, and the notion of Johann Most and his propaganda of the deed, who did not hesitate to advocate killing children and women at restaurants. When terrorists today employ their tactics of terror, fundamentally, they have learned from the lessons of the state. Understanding, not demonizing, the nature of terrorism is a good way to understanding the contemporary political landscape where workers, but not terrorists, are legalized. As Michel Foucault (2001) put it, discipline is an instrument of power by means of which events are stripped of their negative effects. Like a vaccine,

Answer 2

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After 38 foreign holidaymakers, most of them British, were shot dead in a horrific Islamic State terrorist attack at a beach hotel near Sousse, Tunisia in 2015, the effects on tourism were devastating.
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Several European travel companies and cruise operators immediately suspended operations to Tunisia so, by the following year, tourist numbers had fallen to their lowest level in decades, 100 hotels had closed and tourist revenues were down by 35 per cent. Two years on, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office is still advising against all but essential travel to Tunisia due to the “high threat” from terrorism.

The slaughter in Sousse was just one of several attacks in recent years targeting tourists in Islamic countries which have prompted a mass exodus of holidaymakers from popular destinations such as Egypt, Turkey and Morocco.

In one of the most comprehensive analyses of its kind, Eric Neumayer and Thomas Plumper researched the effects of attacks on Western citizens in specific Islamic countries to see how it affects tourism to this and other Islamic countries.
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Professor Neumayer says: “Terrorists have a strong strategic incentive to target Western tourists. Not only will this generate considerable media attention, but such attacks also target the major sources of tourist inflows and the victims come from countries whose governments often support militarily, politically or economically the governments in Islamic countries that the terrorists wish to overthrow. The value of terrorist attacks on Western tourists goes beyond the fact that they are symbols of Western culture and are easily identifiable as different in predominantly Islamic countries. Attacks on tourists are attacks on an important source of revenue for the government.”
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Their research shows how terrorism in a predominantly Islamic country against citizens from a specific Western country of origin does not merely affect tourism to the country in which the attack takes place, or tourism from the victims’ country of origin. Instead, the tourism-deterring effect spills over into other Islamic destination countries and other Western origin countries. The decline is larger for tourists from the country whose citizens have been killed or injured, but tourists from other Western countries are also deterred.

The results suggest that tourists correctly infer that if terrorists attack their fellow citizens in one country, they also have an incentive to attack them in other similar destination countries. Similarly, tourists from other Western origin countries infer that they are more likely to become victimized in that and other similar destinations. Thus, terrorist attacks on one group of Western tourists in one country will reduce the number of other Western tourists that take holidays in other, similar countries.

Using World Tourism Organisation data from 1995 to 2013, the researchers analysed the effect on tourism of 190 fatal terrorist incidents in Islamic countries involving citizens from Western countries. These incidents resulted in 1,402 deaths.

Their main conclusions are that, in the country where the attack took place, one additional fatal incident is predicted to reduce the tourist flow from the country of the main victims by 4.2 per cent in the same year and by 7.4 per cent in the subsequent one.

There are also what the researchers call contagion or spill-over effects:
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Firstly, if nationals from a certain country, the UK for example, have become victims of fatal terrorist incidents in an Islamic country, such as Tunisia for example, this also affects tourism from the UK to other Islamic countries, such as Egypt. Thus, one additional incident in which British citizens were the main victims in one Islamic destination is predicted to reduce the tourist flow from the UK to another Islamic country by 3.8 per cent in the same year and by 3.7 per cent in the next one.

Secondly, tourists from one Western country, such as France for example, are deterred by fatal

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