भारत-चीन संबंध पर निबन्ध | Write an essay on Indo-China Relationship in Hindi
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General
1. China as an emerging power generates fear, concern and mistrust among the countries across the globe including the USA. Its rapid economic growth, fuelling an equally rapid military modernisation coupled with enhancing trans border capabilities has sent wake up calls, particularly to the United States, Japan and India. [1] China is following a two pronged strategy of reassuring it’s neighbours of its peaceful intentions, even while pressing ahead with huge military expenditure. Now that China stands poised to emerge as a global power, the international community is uncertain about China’s intentions, despite all the peace rhetoric that emanates from its political leaders and state organs.
2. An analysis of India’s relations with the People’s Republic of China today must take into account the historical perspective ,differences in the global situation, domestic policies and perceived national security interests which set the 1950s and 2000s apart. In view of the diversity and range of issues which have engaged India and China, the India-China relationship could be described as a very complex engagement.
India China Relations : Pre 1947 Phase
3. Prior to the independence, the leaders of the national liberation movement of both the countries deeply sympathised with their respective popular struggles to put an end to colonialism. During the Japanese attack on Manchuria province of China in 1931, not only “China Day” was observed in India, but a call was also given by the Indian nationalists for boycott of Japanese goods. In July 1940, Mao Dezong had written to Jawahar Lal Nehru, “The emancipation of the Indian people and the Chinese will be the signal of the emancipation of all the downtrodden and oppressed.”
Relations: Post Independence
4. India’s view of China was to a great extent shaped by Nehru’s ability to persuade the Indian elite to try and take an objective view of both the positive and negative aspects of Chinese nationalism. Some major events post independence are listed below:-
(a) Diplomatic Recognition. India diplomatically recognised the peoples Republic of China on December 30, 1949.
(b) 1954 Accords. The relations between India and China in the 1950’s were very cordial. In 1954, the Chinese Premier, Mr. Zou En Lai visited India which led to the signing of two Accords as follows:-
(i) India recognised Tibet as an integral part of China and considered it to be an autonomous region of China.
(ii) The declaration of Panchsheel in the Joint Communiqué. The Panchsheel enshrined the five principles as follows:
(aa) Respect for Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of all States.
(ab) Non-aggression.
(ac) Non-interference in Territorial affairs.
(ad) Equality and Mutuality.
(ae) Peaceful Co-existence
5. The Tibet Problem. Tibet was briefly conquered by Mongols in the thirteenth century but otherwise came under Manchu “control” only in the eighteenth century. The British regarded Tibet as a buffer state, and, in the Shimla Conference of 1913, recognised Chinese suzerainty, but not sovereignty, over Tibet. This was never accepted by any Chinese government, but they could do little about it. In 1950, the PLA invaded Tibet to integrate it into the Chinese State. [2] In 1954, India recognised Tibet as an integral part of China and China undertook to respect the religious and cultural traditions of the Tibetans. In 1959, a rebellion took place against Chinese rule in Tibet, and the Dalai Lama fled to India with his followers. This large-scale influx of Tibet refugees into India headed by the Dalai Lama led to heightening of tensions. The Chinese regarded the hosting of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan refugees and the government in exile as an obstacle to India China relations.
The 1962 Conflict
6. India claimed that the McMahon Line demarcating the Indo – China border was an internationally recognised boundary. [3] The Chinese policy centred on re-negotiations and delineation of borders where no treaty or agreement existed. The differing positions on the status of the boundary laid the basis of the conflict. The Chinese attacked in North Eastern Frontier Area (NEFA) and Ladakh beginning from 20 October 1962 and occupied about 5000 square miles of the Indian Territory. China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 10 November 1962 and withdrew behind the McMahon Line in the NEFA Sector. However, it gained about 3000 square kms of Indian Territory, though, according to Chinese version, it does not occupy even a single inch of Indian Territory. Instead it asserts that more than 90000 square kms of the Chinese territory is still under Indian occupation.In 1962,the Indian Parliament passed a resolution to wage an unending struggle till the recovery of Indian territory from China and it also forbade cessation of any occupied territory to China as part of any settlement.
1. China as an emerging power generates fear, concern and mistrust among the countries across the globe including the USA. Its rapid economic growth, fuelling an equally rapid military modernisation coupled with enhancing trans border capabilities has sent wake up calls, particularly to the United States, Japan and India. [1] China is following a two pronged strategy of reassuring it’s neighbours of its peaceful intentions, even while pressing ahead with huge military expenditure. Now that China stands poised to emerge as a global power, the international community is uncertain about China’s intentions, despite all the peace rhetoric that emanates from its political leaders and state organs.
2. An analysis of India’s relations with the People’s Republic of China today must take into account the historical perspective ,differences in the global situation, domestic policies and perceived national security interests which set the 1950s and 2000s apart. In view of the diversity and range of issues which have engaged India and China, the India-China relationship could be described as a very complex engagement.
India China Relations : Pre 1947 Phase
3. Prior to the independence, the leaders of the national liberation movement of both the countries deeply sympathised with their respective popular struggles to put an end to colonialism. During the Japanese attack on Manchuria province of China in 1931, not only “China Day” was observed in India, but a call was also given by the Indian nationalists for boycott of Japanese goods. In July 1940, Mao Dezong had written to Jawahar Lal Nehru, “The emancipation of the Indian people and the Chinese will be the signal of the emancipation of all the downtrodden and oppressed.”
Relations: Post Independence
4. India’s view of China was to a great extent shaped by Nehru’s ability to persuade the Indian elite to try and take an objective view of both the positive and negative aspects of Chinese nationalism. Some major events post independence are listed below:-
(a) Diplomatic Recognition. India diplomatically recognised the peoples Republic of China on December 30, 1949.
(b) 1954 Accords. The relations between India and China in the 1950’s were very cordial. In 1954, the Chinese Premier, Mr. Zou En Lai visited India which led to the signing of two Accords as follows:-
(i) India recognised Tibet as an integral part of China and considered it to be an autonomous region of China.
(ii) The declaration of Panchsheel in the Joint Communiqué. The Panchsheel enshrined the five principles as follows:
(aa) Respect for Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of all States.
(ab) Non-aggression.
(ac) Non-interference in Territorial affairs.
(ad) Equality and Mutuality.
(ae) Peaceful Co-existence
5. The Tibet Problem. Tibet was briefly conquered by Mongols in the thirteenth century but otherwise came under Manchu “control” only in the eighteenth century. The British regarded Tibet as a buffer state, and, in the Shimla Conference of 1913, recognised Chinese suzerainty, but not sovereignty, over Tibet. This was never accepted by any Chinese government, but they could do little about it. In 1950, the PLA invaded Tibet to integrate it into the Chinese State. [2] In 1954, India recognised Tibet as an integral part of China and China undertook to respect the religious and cultural traditions of the Tibetans. In 1959, a rebellion took place against Chinese rule in Tibet, and the Dalai Lama fled to India with his followers. This large-scale influx of Tibet refugees into India headed by the Dalai Lama led to heightening of tensions. The Chinese regarded the hosting of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan refugees and the government in exile as an obstacle to India China relations.
The 1962 Conflict
6. India claimed that the McMahon Line demarcating the Indo – China border was an internationally recognised boundary. [3] The Chinese policy centred on re-negotiations and delineation of borders where no treaty or agreement existed. The differing positions on the status of the boundary laid the basis of the conflict. The Chinese attacked in North Eastern Frontier Area (NEFA) and Ladakh beginning from 20 October 1962 and occupied about 5000 square miles of the Indian Territory. China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 10 November 1962 and withdrew behind the McMahon Line in the NEFA Sector. However, it gained about 3000 square kms of Indian Territory, though, according to Chinese version, it does not occupy even a single inch of Indian Territory. Instead it asserts that more than 90000 square kms of the Chinese territory is still under Indian occupation.In 1962,the Indian Parliament passed a resolution to wage an unending struggle till the recovery of Indian territory from China and it also forbade cessation of any occupied territory to China as part of any settlement.
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