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Who started Swaraj in 1921 in India?
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915. His struggle from this point to 1921, when he was invested with executive authority on behalf of the Indian National Congress, can be followed in these newspaper reports.
What Is Swaraj?
The concept of swaraj, or self-rule, was developed during the Indian freedom struggle. In his book Hind Swaraj (1909), Gandhi sought to clarify that the meaning behind swaraj was much more than simply "wanting [systems of] English rule without the Englishman; the tiger's nature but not the tiger." The crux of his argument centered on the belief that the socio-spiritual underpinnings of British political, economic, bureaucratic, legal, military, and educational institutions were inherently unjust, exploitative and alienating. As Pinto explicates, "The principal theme of Hind Swaraj is the moral inadequacy of western civilization, especially its industrialism, as the model for free India." Gandhi was particularly critical of the deeply embedded principles of 'might is right' and 'survival of the fittest'.
On another level, the call for swaraj represents a genuine attempt to regain control of the 'self' - our self-respect, self-responsibility, and capacities for self-realization - from institutions of dehumanization. As Gandhi states, "It is swaraj when we learn to rule ourselves." The real goal of the freedom struggle was not only to secure political azadi (independence) from Britain, but rather to gain true swaraj (liberation and self-rule
processes - based on moral and holistic visions of human potential and human progress - which can lead us out of the global self-destruction which engulfs us. Throughout it all, we must consider and negotiate our own roles, while asking ourselves how we are either working for solutions or contributing to making the crisis worse. Thus, today, we recognize Gandhi's concept of swaraj integral to three parallel action-reflection agendas for the 21st century:
Decolonization of the Mind: Understanding the Roots of the Crisis Before Us
Revaluation and Critical Traditionalism: We Have to Learn from the Past, but We Can't Go Back
Creative Regeneration: Growing New Ways Forward
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the saga of the Indian National Movement, with its unique leadership and ideological foundation, continues to engage those interested in the history of India. Raj to Swaraj: A Textbook on Colonialism and Nationalism in India takes its readers through the panorama of modern Indian history, with all its trials and tribulations, and keeps it intellectually stimulating all through the narrative. This textbook for students attempts to present its case, free from ideological biases. The result of a lifelong engagement with teaching and research, this book incorporates the sharp classroom debates and analysis of bright and committed students, thus enriching its formulations and interpretations. It provides a fresh look at the national struggle for independence and attempts to provoke, promote and unleash, critical and creative thinking among the student community. In the process, it seeks to relieve them from the drudgery of working as intellectual foot soldiers to the authorities in our academia. This book marks a departure from the earlier studies in terms of its new and updated sources as well as in its freedom from the great ideological divides that continue to bedevil our academic life. As such, it avoids both the extremes of woolly sentimentalism and ideology-based debunking. Essentially eclectic and synthesising in its approach, and written in a lucid style, the book covers different phases and facets of our national struggle. To that end, it adopts a thematic, rather than a chronological narrative. The book will prove invaluable for students of political science and modern Indian history, as well as general readers.