Biological applications of -amino acids and its derivatives
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Abstract — This review explores the scope of Beta Amino
acids. Beta Amino acids are the important macromolecules
on earth and building blocks. They play key role in
biological systems of living organisms. They act as
important biological system operators. Not just them, but
their derivatives also play significant roles in different
systems of organismal bodies. They also act as essential
enzymes in humans as well as in animals.
Keywords— β-amino acids, neurotransmitter,
pharmaceuticals.
I. INTRODUCTION
β-Amino acids (β-AAc) are building blocks. They are used in
preparation of mostly pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals
products. Because they have significant properties as they are
proteinogenic, non-proteinogenic properties. They have
significant role in human biology. As they act as
neurotransmitter, biosynthesizer, and also as nutritional
supplements materials. They are also used in organic synthesis
as catalyst. β-AAc have pharmaceutical properties like as
hypoglycaemic, antiketogenic, antibacterial properties,
antifungal activities, potent insecticidal properties. They have
pharmaceutical applications as they are used to prepare
pharmaceutical products and agrochemical target molecules
[1].
They are constituents of many important biological active
products as well as drugs. Antibiotics have structural moieties
of β-lactam. β-peptides take part in formation of great stable
secondary structures [2-5].
II. APPLICATIONS OF Β-AMINOACIDS
β-peptides are very stable biomolecules against vitro and vivo
proteolytic degradation [6]. They were used to prepare
antibiotics as magainins that was highly potent. But it was not
easy to utilize it as simple drugs due to degradation by
proteolytic enzymes in bodies [7].
They play important role in regulation of nutritional
metabolism and immunity. Arginine family amino acids
(AFAA) is also important in β-AAc. There is deficiency of
Arginine in milk of some mammals like pigs. AFAA is
deficient for maximum fetal growth. AFAA is associated with
maximum growth of placenta and synthesis of polyamines in
beginning of pregnancy. Arginine is a precursor of nitric
oxide. Arginine is the precursor of creatine (an energy
reservoir in our muscles,), nitrogen oxide (a mediator of blood
vessel constriction), citrulline (an antioxidant), and a group of
polyamines that have various physiological and cellular roles
[8].
Common reactant for Nitric oxide (NO) and polyamine
synthesis through NO Synthase (NOS) is Arginine. It is
converted into ornithine by hydrolysis. NO is major relaxing
agent which is derived from endothelium. NO regulates the
blood flow in placenta and fetus. So, it transports the nutrients
and oxygen from mother to fetus. Arginine is also important
potent hormone. NO and polyamine are important factors
which regulate the angiogenesis, embryogenesis and growth of
fetus and placenta. Thus, Acidosis within the muscles was
characterized as particular reason of disturbance in
supplementation of β-alanine during the heavy exercise. So,
carosine plays a key role to regulate the pH of muscles.
The synthesis of carosine is carried out in skeletal muscles.
The amino acid L-histidine and β-alanine are utilized for
synthesis of carosine within skeletal muscles. β-alanine
supplementation appeared to enhance the content of carosine
in muscles and also the buffering capacity of muscles [9]..
Highly concentrated and universally dispersed β-amino acid in
brain cells is glutamate. It is researched that glutamate has a
significant role in metabolism within the brain [10].
The metabolism of complicated parts of glutamate within the
brain was reported by Waelsch and coworkers [11].
These reports revealed that glutamate is very significant β-
amino acid which