briefly describe the political and social conditions of india on the eve of mahmud invasions hindi transfer
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Mahmud of Ghazni
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Not to be confused with Mahmud Hotak or Mahmud Ghazan.
Mahmud of Ghazni
محمود غزنوی
سلطان محمود غزنوی.JPG
Medieval illustration of Mahmud and his court
Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire
Reign
998 – 30 April 1030
Predecessor Ismail of Ghazni
Successor Muhammad of Ghazni
Born 2 November 971
Ghazni, Zabulistan, Samanid Empire (present-day Afghanistan)
Died 30 April 1030 (aged 58)
Ghazni, Zabulistan, Ghaznavid Empire (present-day Afghanistan)
Burial Ghazni
Issue
Jalal al-Dawla Muhammad
Shihab al-Dawla Masud
Izz al-Dawla Abd al-Rashid
Suleiman
Shuja
Names
Yamīn-ud-Dawla Abul-Qāṣim (یمین الدولہ ابو لقاسم "Right-hand man of the State")
Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktegīn ("Mahmud, son of Sebutegin")
Persian یمینالدوله ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین
Dynasty Ghaznavid
Father Sabuktigin
Religion
Sunni Islam
Military career
Years of service c. 998–1030
Awards Robe of honour from Caliph Al-Qadir in 1000 CE.
Mahmud of Ghazni (Persian: محمود غزنوی; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030) or Mahmud Ghaznavi[1] was the founder of the Turkic[2][3] Ghaznavid dynasty, ruling from 998 to 1030. At the time of his death, his kingdom had been transformed into an extensive military empire, which extended from northwestern Iran proper to the Punjab in the Indian subcontinent, Khwarazm in Transoxiana, and Makran.
Highly Persianized,[4] Sultan Mahmud continued the bureaucratic, political, and cultural customs of his predecessors, the Samanids, which established the ground for a Persianate state in northwestern India.[5] His capital of Ghazni evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual centre in the Islamic world, almost rivalling the important city of Baghdad. The capital appealed to many prominent figures, such as al-Biruni and Ferdowsi.[5]
Mahmud ascended the throne at the age of 27[6] upon his father's death, albeit after a brief war of succession with his brother Ismail. He was the first ruler to hold the title Sultan ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power while at the same time preserving an ideological link to the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphs. During his rule, he invaded and plundered the richest cities and temple towns, such as Mathura and Somnath, in medieval India seventeen times, and used the booty to build his capital in Ghazni.[7][8]
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