Question

Briefly describe: Translation

Answer 1

In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.

In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell. The ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes through and is "read" by the ribosome.

Translation proceeds in three phases:

Initiation: The ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. The first tRNA is attached at the start codon.Elongation: The tRNA transfers an amino acid to the tRNA corresponding to the next codon. The ribosome then moves (translocates) to the next mRNA codon to continue the process, creating an amino acid chain.

Termination: When a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the polypeptide.

In prokaryotes (bacteria), translation occurs in the cytosol[1], where the medium and small subunits of the ribosome bind to the tRNA. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytosol or across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum in a process called co-translational translocation. In co-translational translocation, the entire ribosome/mRNA complex binds to the outer membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the new protein is synthesized and released into the ER; the newly created polypeptide can be stored inside the ER for future vesicle transport and secretion outside the cell, or immediately secreted.

Many types of transcribed RNA, such as transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and small nuclear RNA, do not undergo translation into proteins.

A number of antibiotics act by inhibiting translation. These include anisomycin, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, and puromycin. Prokaryotic ribosomes have a different structure from that of eukaryotic ribosomes, and thus antibiotics can specifically target bacterial infections without any harm to a eukaryotic host's cells.

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Answer 2

Translation:

• Translation is a process occurring during cellular protein synthesis.
• The mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA) and ribosomes are the key players during the translation process .
• The messenger RNA or mRNA translates to form the protein molecule.
• The tRNA translates the genetic message in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA and sequences it into amino acid code sequence.
• The major steps of translation are:

1. Initiation: Binding of ribosomal subunits to mRNA
2. Elongation: Formation of amino acid linkage and polypeptide chains
3. Termination: Release of polypeptide protein molecule