Question

c) Describe
the Howarth synthesis of phenanthrene​

Answer 1

answer:

Haworth synthesis is a multistep preparation of phenanthrenes from naphthalenes by means of the Friedel–Crafts acylation with succinic anhydride, followed by a Clemmensen reduction or Wolff–Kishner reduction, cyclization, reduction, and dehydrogenation. This synthesis is also referred to as the Haworth phenanthrene synthesis. Additionally, the same procedure used for the preparation of naphthalenes from benzenes is called the Haworth reaction. This reaction has been modified to react with 4-pentenoic acid ester to form alkyl substituted phenanthrenes. This reaction has a wide application in preparation of fused aromatics, including naphthalenes and phenanthrenes.