calculate the percentage of literacy rate of India and Brazil in the period of 1991 to 2001
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At first glance, results from India’s 2001 census seem encouraging. They show a decline in the population growth rate, an improvement in the ratio of men to women, and a remarkable increase in literacy, particularly for girls and women. Yet one important indicator — the sex ratio among children under the age of 7 — shows signs of regression.
Census of India, 2001
(Provisional Results)
PopulationMales531,277,078Females495,738,169Both Sexes1,027,015,247Growth 1991-200121%Sex Ratio (Males per 1,000 females)1,072Density (Population per sq. km)324Literate PopulationNumber%Males339,969,04875.85Females226,745,94754.16Both sexes566,714,99565.38
Source: Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Census of India 2001 — Provisional Totals, March 2001.
According to the provisional population total released by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner on March 26, India’s population as of March 1, 2001, stood at 1.03 billion (1,027,015,247). That total is a bit higher than the projected 1,012,386,000. From 1991 to 2001, India’s population increased by 181 million, more than the population of Brazil (170 million).
GROWTH RATE
While in the last century the world’s population increased more than threefold, India’s grew more than fourfold. Still, its growth rate over the last 10 years (21 percent) was lower than for the previous 10-year period (24 percent), marking the biggest percentage drop since India became independent in 1947. The decline in the growth rate can be attributed to effective implementation of government-sponsored programs aimed at improving reproductive health services and bringing the fertility rate down to replacement level.
POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA’S STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES BETWEEN 1991 AND 2001

Note: Boundaries are representational, not exact. Uttaranchal, Chhatisgarh, and Jharkhand are states that were created since 1991.
Source of data on population increase: Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Census of India 2001 — Provisional Population Totals, March 2001.
At the state level, growth rates varied widely. Three southern states — Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh (see map above) — had the lowest rates, with Andhra Pradesh registering the most dramatic decline in its growth rate since the last census: down from 24 percent to 14 percent. Uttar Pradesh added the most people, 34 million.
DENSITY
Crowding worsened. India’s density on Census Day this year was 324 people per square kilometer, 57 points higher than in 1991. The highest population density, 9,294 people per square kilometer, was recorded by Delhi Union Territory, the seat of the federal government. Among states, West Bengal was the most crowded, with a density of 904.
OVERALL SEX RATIO
According to the 2001 census, the sex ratio for India’s population is 1,072 males per 1,000 females. This ratio is significantly higher than those of neighboring countries: Pakistan (1,066), China (1,059), and Bangladesh (1,049). For India, though, the 2001 ratio indicates a slight improvement from that observed in the 1991 census (1,079). This gain can be attributed to better health facilities for women and, to some extent, to improvement in the status of women. But any complacency over this development must be tempered by the fact that there are sharp differences across states. While Kerala has a sex ratio of 945, Haryana’s ratio of 1,161 reflects considerable gender imbalance. It is unclear whether the cause for this imbalance is out-migration of the male labor force in Kerala and in-migration of male workers in Haryana or systematic use of sex-selective abortion. More data are needed to fill in the blanks.
Census of India, 2001
(Provisional Results)
PopulationMales531,277,078Females495,738,169Both Sexes1,027,015,247Growth 1991-200121%Sex Ratio (Males per 1,000 females)1,072Density (Population per sq. km)324Literate PopulationNumber%Males339,969,04875.85Females226,745,94754.16Both sexes566,714,99565.38
Source: Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Census of India 2001 — Provisional Totals, March 2001.
According to the provisional population total released by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner on March 26, India’s population as of March 1, 2001, stood at 1.03 billion (1,027,015,247). That total is a bit higher than the projected 1,012,386,000. From 1991 to 2001, India’s population increased by 181 million, more than the population of Brazil (170 million).
GROWTH RATE
While in the last century the world’s population increased more than threefold, India’s grew more than fourfold. Still, its growth rate over the last 10 years (21 percent) was lower than for the previous 10-year period (24 percent), marking the biggest percentage drop since India became independent in 1947. The decline in the growth rate can be attributed to effective implementation of government-sponsored programs aimed at improving reproductive health services and bringing the fertility rate down to replacement level.
POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA’S STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES BETWEEN 1991 AND 2001

Note: Boundaries are representational, not exact. Uttaranchal, Chhatisgarh, and Jharkhand are states that were created since 1991.
Source of data on population increase: Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Census of India 2001 — Provisional Population Totals, March 2001.
At the state level, growth rates varied widely. Three southern states — Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh (see map above) — had the lowest rates, with Andhra Pradesh registering the most dramatic decline in its growth rate since the last census: down from 24 percent to 14 percent. Uttar Pradesh added the most people, 34 million.
DENSITY
Crowding worsened. India’s density on Census Day this year was 324 people per square kilometer, 57 points higher than in 1991. The highest population density, 9,294 people per square kilometer, was recorded by Delhi Union Territory, the seat of the federal government. Among states, West Bengal was the most crowded, with a density of 904.
OVERALL SEX RATIO
According to the 2001 census, the sex ratio for India’s population is 1,072 males per 1,000 females. This ratio is significantly higher than those of neighboring countries: Pakistan (1,066), China (1,059), and Bangladesh (1,049). For India, though, the 2001 ratio indicates a slight improvement from that observed in the 1991 census (1,079). This gain can be attributed to better health facilities for women and, to some extent, to improvement in the status of women. But any complacency over this development must be tempered by the fact that there are sharp differences across states. While Kerala has a sex ratio of 945, Haryana’s ratio of 1,161 reflects considerable gender imbalance. It is unclear whether the cause for this imbalance is out-migration of the male labor force in Kerala and in-migration of male workers in Haryana or systematic use of sex-selective abortion. More data are needed to fill in the blanks.
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