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To counter this they used cheap lithographic presses and printed translations of urdu and persian holy books and printed religious newspapers.
The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands upon thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.
All through the nineteenth century, a number of Muslim sects(a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs) and seminaries(school for priests) appeared, each with a different interpretation of faith, each keen on enlarging its following and countering the influence of its opponents.
Urdu print helped them conduct these battles in public.
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