Question

can anyone pls send me the notes of physics class 10 s chand electricity

Answer 1

Introduction

→ Charge is a fundamental particle in an atom. It may be positive or negative.

→ Like charges repel each other.

→ Unlike charges attract each other.

→ Coulomb (C) : S. I. unit of charge

→ 1 Coulomb charge = Charge present on approx. 6 × 1018 electrons

→ Charge on 1 electron = Negative charge of 1.6 × 10-19 C
i.e. Q = ne
Where, Q = Charge (total)
n = No. of electrons
e = Charge on 1 electron

Current

• Current (I): The rate of flow of charge is called current.
Current = Charge/Time ⇒ I = Q/T



S. I. unit of current = Ampere (A)
⇒ 1 A = 1 Cs-1
⇒ 1 mA = 10-3 A
⇒ 1 µA = 10-6 A

→ Current is measured by Ammeter. Its symbol is

→ Ammeter has low resistance and always connected in series.

→ Direction of current is taken opposite to flow of electrons as electrons were not known at the time when the phenomenon of electricity was discovered first and current was considered to be flow of positive charge.

Potential Difference

• Potential Difference (V): Work done to move a unit charge from one point to another.
V = W/Q

• 1 Volt: When 1 joule work is done in carrying one Coulomb charge then potential difference is called 1 volt.

→ S. I. unit of Potential difference = Volt (V)
1 V = 1 JC-1

• 1 Volt: When 1 joule work is done in carrying one Coulomb charge then potential difference is called 1 volt.
V = W/Q

• Voltmeter: It is an instrument to measure the potential difference.
→ It has high resistance and always connected in parallel. Symbol is

→ Cell is the simplest device to maintain potential difference.

→ Current always flow from higher potential to lower potential.

Symbols of Some Commonly Used Components in Circuit



Ohm’s Law

Potential difference across the two points of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to current passing through the circuit provided that temperature remains constant.

• Mathematical expression for Ohm’s law
V ∝ I
⇒ V = IR

→ R is a constant called resistance for a given metal.

• V-I graph for Ohm’s law


• Resistance (R): It is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it.

• Ohm (Ω): S. I. unit of resistance.

• 1 ohm = 1 volt/1ampere

→ When potential difference is 1 V and current through the circuit is 1 A, then resistance is 1 ohm.

• Rheostat: Variable resistance is a component used to regulate current without changing the source of voltage.

Factors on which the Resistance of a Conductor depends

• Resistance of a uniform metallic conductor is:

(i) directly proportional to the length of conductor,
(ii) inversely proportional to the area of cross-section,
(iii) directly proportional to the temperature and
(iv) depend on nature of material.

• Resistivity (P): It is defined as the resistance offered by a cube of a material of side 1m when current flows perpendicular to its opposite faces.

• Its S.I. unit is ohm-metre (Ωm).

→ Resistivity does not change with change in length or area of cross-section but it changes with change in temperature.

→ Range of resistivity of metals and alloys is 10-8 to 10-6 Ωm.

→ Range of resistivity of insulators is 1012 to 1017 Ωm.

→ Resistivity of alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent metals.

→ Alloys do not oxidize (burn) readily at high temperature, so they are commonly used in electrical heating devices.

→ Copper and aluminium are used for electrical transmission lines as they have low
resistivity.

Resistors in Series

→ When two or more resistors are connected end to end, the arrangement is called series
combination.


Total/resultant/overall/effective resistance in series

Rs = R1 + R2 + R3

→ Current through each resistor is same.

→ Equivalent resistance is larger than the largest individual resistance.

→ Total voltage = Sum of voltage drops

V = V1 + V2 + V3

• Voltage across each resistor

• V1 = IR1
• V2 = IR2 [V1 + V2 + V3 = V]
• V3 = IR3V = IR

⇒ V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
∝ IR = I(R1 + R2 + R3)
∝ R = R1 + R2 + R3

Resistors in Parallel

→ Voltage across each resistor is same and equa