Question

Case study of any affected area by tsunami introduction

Answer 1

In japan

On the 11th March 2011 a powerful earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale occurred around 100km east of Sendai on Honshu, Japan, In just 30 minutes a wall of water up to 40m high hit the coast of north western Japan. It was followed in places by up to 9 additional waves up to 10m in height. 3000km of coastline was affected by the waves, which tore through coastal defences.

Causes :

The earthquake that triggered the tsunami occurred at a destructive plate boundary where the Pacific plate was being subducted (pushed under)the North American plate. A segment of rock around 200km long slipped suddenly and flicked upwards by around 5-10m. This sudden uplift displaced (pushed up) the water creating the tsunami.

Effects

200000 people killed

500km2 coastal plains hit, destroying farmland, settlements and communications.

Ruptured gas pipes led to fires.

Explosions at the Fukushima nuclear power plant- this led to nuclear contamination and the possibility of meltdown as the cooling systems failed.

Electricity lost in 6 million homes, 1 million had no running water,

Further problems were caused by heavy snow and blocked roads.

Responses :

100,000 Japanese soldiers sent out to search and rescue.

Specialist search and rescue teams flown in from overseas.

Exclusion zone set up around Fukushoma, people evacuated from area.

Longer term: Re-building, re construction. Port facilities rebuilt, tsunami defence system reconsidered and extended.

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Answer 2

On Sunday 26 December 2004, an earthquake with a magnitude 9 occurred off the 'West Coast of Northern Sumatra' in the Indian Ocean. This caused the Indian Ocean tsunami which affected 13 nations and killed around '230,000' people

EXPLANATION:  

This tsunami was intensely devastating since:

• The magnitude of the earthquake was magnitude 9.

• The epicentre was very near to some thickly populated coastal inhabitants, and they had no Indian Ocean tsunami warning system in place. The only indication came only when the tsunami struck the waterline abruptly retreated, revealing hundreds of metres of seabed and beach.

• Tsunami also affected other nations surrounding the Indian Ocean. Several nations neighbouring the Indian Ocean are less economically developed nations, as such they could not afford to spend much on preparation and prevention.

Social Effects  

• Around 230000 deaths.

• 1.8 million Homeless.

• 5-8 million requiring emergency assistance such water and food.

• Threat of diseases due to mixture of fresh water, salt and sewage water.

• Nearly 1,600 villages were devastated in northern Sumatra.

Economic Effects

• Ports were ruined.

• Fishing industry was devastated - boats, equipment, and nets destroyed. An estimated 60% of fishing fleet were destroyed.

• Re-construction cost millions of dollars.

• Loss of tourism industry earnings and foreign tourists to Phuket dropped by 80 percent in 2005.

• Communications were damaged such as roads, rail networks and bridge.

Environmental Effects  

• Crops were destroyed.

• Farm lands were ruined by salt water.

• 8.5 million litres of oil leaked from oil plants into Indonesia.

• Mangrove forests in the coastal areas were destroyed.

• Coastal wetlands and Coral reefs were damaged