chemistry 12th class captr 1 exercises answer
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1.1. Why are solids rigid?
Ans: The constituent particles in solids have fixed positions and can oscillate about their mean positions. Hence, they are rigid.
1.2. Why do solids have definite volume?
Ans: Solids keep their volume because of rigidity in their structure. The interparticle forces are very strong. Moreover, the interparticle spaces are very few and small as well. As a result, their volumes cannot change by applying pressure.
1.3. Classify the following as amorphous or crystalline solids: Polyurethane, naphthalene, benzoic acid, Teflon, potassium nitrate, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, fibreglass, copper
Ans: Crystalline solids: Benzoic acid, potassium nitrate, copper Amorphous solids: Polyurethane, Teflon, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, fibreglass
1.4. Why is glass considered as super cooled liquid ? (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2013)
Ans: Glass is considered to be super cooled liquid because it shows some of the characteristics of liquids, though it is an amorphous solid. For example, it is slightly thicker at the bottom. This can be possible only if it has flown like liquid, though very slowly.
1.5. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions. Comment on the nature of this solid. Would it show cleavage property?
Ans: As the solid has same value of refractive index along all directions, it is isotropic in nature and hence amorphous. Being amorphous solid, it will not show a clean cleavage and when cut, it will break into pieces with irregular surfaces.
1.6. Classify the following solids in different categories based on the nature of the intermolecular forces: sodium sulphate, copper, benzene, urea, ammonia, water, zinc sulphide, diamond, rubedium, argon, silicon carbide.
Ans: Ionic, metallic, molecular, molecular, molecular (hydrogen-bonded), molecular (hydrogen-bonded), ionic, covalent, metallic, molecular, covalent (network).
1.7. Solid A is a very hard electrical insulator in. solid as well as in molten state and melts at extremely high temperature. What type of solid is it?
Ans: It is a covalent or network solid.
1.8. Why are ionic solids conducting in the molten state and not in the solid-state?
Ans: In the ionic solids, the electrical conductivity is due to the movement of the ions. Since the ionic mobility is negligible in the solid state, these are non-conducting in this state. Upon melting, the ions present acquire some mobility. Therefore, the ionic solids become conducting
1.9. What type of solids are electrical conductors, malleable and ductile?
Ans: Metallic solids
1.10. Give the significance of a lattice point.
Ans: The lattice point denotes the position of a particular constituent in the crystal lattice. It may be atom, ion or a molecule. The arrangement of the lattice points in space is responsible for the shape of a particular crystalline solid.
1.11. Name the parameters that characterise a unit cell.
Ans: A unit cell is characterised by the following parameters:
(i)the dimensions of unit cell along three edges: a, b and c.
(ii)the angles between the edges: α (between b and c); β (between a and c) and γ (between a and b)
1.12. Distinguish between :
(i) Hexagonal and monoclinic unit cells
(ii) Face-centred and end-centred unit cells.
Ans:
(i) In a hexagonal unit cell :
a = b # c; α = β = 90° and γ = 120°
In a monoclinic unit cell :
a # b # c and α = γ = 90° and β # 90°
(ii) In a face-centered unit cell, constituent particles are located at all the corners as well as at the centres of all the faces.
In end-centered unit cell, constituent particles are located at all the corners as well as at the centres of two opposite faces. (C.B.S.E Foreign 2015