class 10 chapter 2 civics summary. please tell
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Answer:
Revision Notes
¾ The creation of linguistic states was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country.
¾ Hindi was identified as the official language. But besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages recognized as
Scheduled Languages by the Constitution.
¾ States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand were created not on the basis of language but to recognize
differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography.
¾ Restructuring the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice.
¾ When no single party gets a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties enters into an alliance with
many parties including several regional parties to form a government at the Centre called the Coalition Government.
¾ A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992.
¾ The Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and effective. The following
measures were taken regarding this:
l It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections for local government bodies.
l Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
l At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
l An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each State to conduct
panchayat and municipal elections.
l The State Governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.
¾ Rural local government is popularly known by the name Panchayati Raj. Each village, or a group of villages in
some states, has a gram panchayat.
¾ The functions of gram panchayats are :
l It is the decision-making body for the entire village.
l The panchayat works under the overall supervision of the gram sabha. All the voters in the village are its
members. It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat.
l To review the performance of the gram panchayat.
¾ A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is usually called a panchayat samiti or block or mandal.
¾ All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the zila (district) parishad.
¾ Zila Parishad chairperson is the political head of the Zila Parishad.
¾ Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into municipal corporations.
¾ Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s
representatives.
¾ Municipal chairperson is the political head of the municipality. In a municipal corporation, such an officer is
called the Mayor.
Know the Terms
¾ Autonomy: A region or territory to govern itself independently.
¾ Linguistic States: India is a multilingual country where people speak different languages. After independence,
some states were created on the basis of the languages people used to speak. These are known as linguistic states.
¾ State Election Commission: It is a body created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
¾ Panchayati Raj: A system of government in which Gram Panchayats are the basic units of administration. It has
three levels — Gram (village), Tehsil (block) and Zila (District).
¾ Panchayat Samiti: It is a local government body at the tehsil or taluka level in India, which is a link between Gram
Panchayat and Zila Parishad.
¾ Gram Sabha: The body for the supervision of Gram Panchayats.
¾ Tier System: It is the system which signifies levels of government. It may be two levels (two tiers) and three
levels(three tiers).
¾ Mayor: The Chairperson of a Municipal Corporation is known as the Mayor.