Question

Class 10 ★ chapter Nationalism in Europe .... Long answer question .... only for genius's
Why did a commercial class emerge in Western and Central Europe?   Why did   this  class emerge first in England ?​

Answer 1

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Emergence of middle class in Europe:

a. The industrial revolution witnessed the rise of new social groups, middle class comprising of industrialists, businessmen, professionals who believed in the social structure that was based on merit and not birth.

b. They believed that no group should be privileged on account of birth rather a society must be based on the principles of freedom, equal laws and opportunities.

c. It was this class that belonged to liberal nationalist thinking and led the revolutions.

d. It was the liberal, educated middle-class who demanded the end of aristocratic privileges and encouraged national unity.

e. They were inspired by the doctrine and ideas of liberalism and demanded government based on the consent, and stood for freedom and equality for all.

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Answer 2

Modifications in social structure

Developments in technology and organization reshaped social structure. A recognizable peasantry continued to exist in western Europe, but it increasingly had to adapt to new methods. In many areas (most notably, the Netherlands and Denmark) a cooperative movement spread to allow peasants to market dairy goods and other specialties to the growing urban areas without abandoning individual landownership. Many peasants began to achieve new levels of education and to adopt innovations such as new crops, better seeds, and fertilizers; they also began to innovate politically, learning to press governments to protect their agricultural interests.: