Question

class 10 question

important topics of CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND

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Answer 1

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The concepts that are going to be discussed in this article are:
⏺️Covalent bonding in carbon ⏺️compoundsVersatile nature of carbon.
⏺️Allotropes of carbonSaturated and ⏺️unsaturated carbon compounds.
⏺️Chains, branches and rings in carbon compounds and Isomers.

⏺️Functional groups.

⏺️Homologous series.

⏺️Nomenclature of carbon compounds.
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Answer 2

Answer:

Introduction

Carbon is derived from the word “carbo” meaning coal.

1. Atomic number - 6

2. Atomic mass - 12

3. Electronic configuration - 2, 4

4. Valency - 4

The compounds obtained from 'Carbon' are widely used. For example, clothes, medicines, books, food, fertilizer, fuel etc. all living structures are carbon based.

BONDING IN CARBON COMPOUNDS

Carbon forms covalent bonds in its compounds with other atoms. In each compound, the valency of carbon is four. That is, carbon has a tetravalent character. But what is covalent bond and what is the meaning of tetravalent ?

Why does a carbon atom form only covalent bond?

The atomic number of carbon is 6 and the first shell contains just two electrons and the second shell (Outermost shell) contains four electrons.

Carbon atom can attain the noble gas configuration by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms of carbon or with atoms of other elements and form covalent bond.

COVALENT BOND

A chemical bond formed between two atoms of the same element or two atoms of different elements by sharing of electrons is called a covalent bond.

Fig: Carbon forming covalent bond in Methane (CH4)

Necessary conditions of the formation of covalent bond:

- The combining atoms should have nonmetallic character.

- The combining atoms should contain 4 to 7 electrons in their respective valence shell.

- In hydrogen there is only 1 valence electron, but it also forms covalent bond.

- The combining atoms need 1, 2, 3 or 4 electrons to complete their octet (hydrogen completes its duplet).

- The combining atoms should contribute equal number of electrons to form pair of electrons to be shared.

- After sharing the pair of electrons each combining atoms should attain stable electronic configuration like its nearest noble gas.

CLASSIFICATION OF COVALENT BOND

Single Covalent Bond: A single covalent bond is formed by the sharing of one pair of electrons between the two atoms. It is represented by one short line (---) between the two atoms.

Example: H-H, Cl -Cl, H-Cl, CH3-CH3.

Double Covalent Bond: A double covalent bond is formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between the two combining atoms. It is represented by putting (=) two short lines between the two bonded atoms.

Examples: O = O (O2), CO2 (O = C = O), H2C = CH2

Triple covalent bond: A triple bond is formed by the sharing of three pair of electrons between the two combining atoms. It is represented by putting three short line (≡) between two bonded atoms.

Example: N2 (N≡N), CH≡CH.

Formation of single covalent compounds

Formation of hydrogen molecule (H2):

A molecule of hydrogen is composed of two H-atoms. The electronic configuration of H-atom is.

H-H Bond in terms of energy shells (orbits)

Formation of chlorine molecule (Cl2):

The atomic number of chlorine is 17, thus there are 17 electrons in an atom of chlorine.

Electronic configuration of Cl atom

Electronic configuration of Ar atom

Chlorine atom needs one electron more to complete its octet

Cl-Cl bond in terms of energy shell