Question

Class 10 social ch 1 The rise of Nationalism in europe short summary hindi and english plz tell me frndz fast because Tomorrow is my exam !!!

Answer 1

During the nineteenth century, the idea of nationalism made changes in Political and mental world of Europe.

The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

French Revolution of 1789 was the first clear expression of nationalism.

• Steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people:

→ Ideas of La patrie and Le citoyen

→ New French Flag

→ Estates General was elected and renamed National Assembly

→ New hymns composed and oaths taken

→ Centralized administration system

→ Internal customs duties and dues were abolished

→ Uniform system of weights and measures were introduced

→ French became the common language

Napolean

• Ruled France from 1799 to 1815.

• Gained absolute powers in 1799 by becoming the First Consul.

Civil Code of 1804 / Napoleonic Code

• Equality before the law was established

• Secured the right to property

• Simplified administrative measures

• Abolished feudal system

• Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues

• Guild restrictions were removed

• Transport and communication systems were improved.

Napoleon took away political freedom, increased taxes, imposed censorship and forced people to join French army.

The Making of Nationalism in Europe

No Nation states were in Europe because of not common identity or culture.

• People residing in different areas spoke different languages.

→ Example: Hungary half of the population spoke Magyar other half spoke variety of dialects and in Galicia people spoke Polish.

The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class

• Aristocracy

→ The land owning class.

→ Spoke French connected by ties of marriages.

→ Numerically a small group.

• Peasantry

→ Majority of population

• Middle class

→ New Social class emerged with the growth of towns and emergence of commercial classes.

→ Educated class where ideas of nationality gained popularity.

What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?

• Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all before the law

→ The end of autocracy and clerical privileges

→ A constitution and representative government through parliament.

• In the economic sphere liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

• Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced the number of currencies to two, and promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility.

A New Conservatism after 1815

• Believed that established institutions of state and society should be preserved, with the changes initiated by Napoleon.

Treaty of Vienna (1815)

• Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France

• A series of states created on the French boundary for preventing French expansion in future.

• German confederation was left untouched.

• Main intentions was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon.

The Revolutionaries

Acommitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.

Giuseppe Mazzini

• Born in Genoa in 1807

• A member of the secret society of Carbonari

• Founded Young Italy in Marseellies, Young Europe in Berne.

• Believed in the unification of Italy into a republic.

The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

• In July 1830, Bourbon kings of France were overthrown and a constitutional monarchy was established.

• Belgium broke away from the United kingdoms of the Netherlands.

• Greece which had been a part of the Ottomon Empire since the fifteenth century, struggled for independence.

→ Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

• A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment, criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

• German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder tried to discovered culture among common peop

Answer 2

During the nineteenth century, the idea of nationalism made changes in Political and mental world ...