Question

Composition and Function of Lymph. [ 5 marks]

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Answer 1

✾ Answer of your question ✾

⦿ Tissue Fluid and Lymph
→ Tissue fluid or intercellular fluid

As the blood flows in the capillaries of the tissues, the plasma and the leukocytes leak out their walls and bathes the cells. This fluid is called the tissue fluid or the intercellular Or extracellular fluid. It is form this fluid that the cells absorb oxygen and other required substances and in turn give out carbon dioxide and other waste back into it

⦿ Lymph and Lymphatic system
Some of the tissue fluid maybe reabsorbed into the blood vessels but most of it enters into another set of minute channels name lymph vessels and is then called lymph.
The lymph flows in this vessels due to contraction of the surrounding muscles. The lymph vessels on the way drain into lymph nodes from where fresh lymph channels arise. These channels ultimately for the name into the major or anterior veins close to the entry into the right auricle and it is then in circulation again.

The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs such as the spleen and the tonsils are conducting network of lymph vessels and the circulating lymph.

➤ Composition of lymph.
Lymph consists of a cellular part and a non cellular part.

→ Cellular part : it contains only liquid mostly lymphocytes. blood platelets or red blood cells are absent.

→Non cellular part : it is made up of mostly water about 94% and rest is made up of proteins fats carbohydrates in gents antibodies etc. about 6%.

⦿ Functions of Lymph

● Nutritive : it supplies nutrition and oxygen to those Parts for blood cannot reach.

● Drainage : It drains away excess tissue fluid and metabolites and returns proteins to the blood from tissue spaces.

● Absorption : fats in the intestine are absorbed through lymph vessels or lymphatics.

● Defence : Lymphocytes and monocytes of the name function to protect the body the lymphatic also remove bacteria from the tissues. we often experience painful swelling in our different body parts. This is a protective sign. The Lymph nodes present in those regions tend to localize the infections.

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Answer 2

Lymph is a mobile connective tissue which is colourless or yellowish fluid comprising of Lymph plasma (fluid) and Lymph corpuscles. It is present inside the tubes (Lymph capillaries, Lymph vessels, Lymph nodes). Fluid present various body cavities which can be called tissue fluid or intracellular fluid as well as Lymph.

COMPOSITION OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:

Erythrocytes and blood platelets are completely absent. The leucocyte count is about 500/mm^3. They are derived from tissue fluid (in turn from blood capillaries through diapedesis) and the Lymph glands (tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen, Lymph nodes). Water content is 94%, however, the protein content is quite less (3-4.5% instead of blood plasma with a 6-8% protein). Albumin : globulin ratio is 1 : 5 instead of 1 : 1 in the blood. Fibrinogen and albumin content is also low along with that of calcium and phosphorus as Minerals. However, both tissue fluid and lymph have considerable power for fulfilling blood clotting property. Lymph passes back into the blood.

In a simpler manner, if to, present the composition, then.

Composition (in a simpler way):

1) Lymph plasma: It is quite similar to that of the blood but has fewer blood proteins, less calcium and phosphorus and high glucose concentration. Mainly globulin proteins are present which are actually functional antibodies. Other components of the Lymph plasma are very much like that of the composition of blood plasma, that is, organic, inorganic substances, water,etc.

2) Lymph Corpuscles: These are floating materials called amoeboid cells, the leucocytes (white blood Corpuscles), which are mostly lymphocytes. Erythrocytes (red blood Corpuscles) and platelets altogether are absent in the Lymph.

3) Lymphoid organs: These organs are the ones to secrete Lymph, called as, Lymphoid organs. Besides the Lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus glands, spleen and Peyer's patches and the other Lymphoid organs. The spleen being the largest in mass of the lymphatic tissue in the body.

FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPH:

1) Lymph maintains the balance of blood and the tissue fluid. The Lymph also maintains the total volume of blood present in the body. As soon as the volume of the blood reduces in the blood vascular system as an entirety, the lymph suddenly rushes from the lymphatic system to the blood vascular system. Hence, keeping the amount of blood to a normal amount (excluding the external factors).

2) Lymph nodes produces or adds the lymphocytes to the immune system defence and provided the first stimulatory antigens to help fight the pathogens from the body. The Lymph takes lymphocytes and antibodies from the main Lymph nodes to the blood for taking certain actions or remanding them for the next pathogenic entry. The lymph nodes are particularly so well enough when there is a risk of infection, at this stage the lymph nodes release lymphocytes or monocyte in considerably large amounts trying to eliminate the pathogens and increasing the temprearure or causing fever.Lymph capillaries can also pick up some germs and other foreign particles by detecting it first from the vascular system and subsequently destroys the invading microorganisms and other foreign particles in the lymph nodes.

3) Lymph (literally) acts as the "middle man" which transports food, oxygen, food materials, hormones, etc. to the body cells and brings about carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes not needed by the body, from the body cells to blood ad then finally pours the same into the venous system of humans. The Lymph also helps in the synthesises of the liver by transporting Plasma proteins and other macromolecular compounds from blood to the lymph. The hormones are produced by the endocrine glands into the blood are also bought up by the transport of the lymphatic system.

4) The body cells are kept completely moist by the lymph and some waste products are carried by it into the blood. It absorbs and transports fat nd fat soluble vitamins from the various regions of the intestine. Lymphatic capillaries which are present in the intestinal villi are called as lateral which areassociated with the absorption and transportation of fat and fat soluble vitamins, they are are absorbed as chilomicron or fat droplets.