conclusion of geography project on the topic transportation. in India give a long conclusion 150 -200word
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India's total land mass is 2,973,190 square kilometers and is divided into three main geological regions: the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the Himalayas, and the Peninsula region. The Indo-Gangetic Plain and those portions of the Himalayas within India are collectively known as North India. South India consists of the peninsular region, often termed simply the Peninsula. On the basis of its physiography, India is divided into ten regions: the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the northern mountains of the Himalayas, the Central Highlands, the Deccan or Peninsular Plateau, the East Coast (Coromandel Coast in the south), the West Coast (Konkan, Kankara, and Malabar coasts), the Great Indian Desert (a geographic feature known as the Thar Desert in Pakistan) and the Rann of Kutch, the valley of the Brahmaputra in Assam, the northeastern hill ranges surrounding the Assam Valley, and the islands of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
EV Diffusion in the World
7.1 Both developed and developing countries have become more active in EV
introduction and diffusion. In developed countries, the government has led the promotion
of next-generation environment-friendly vehicles. In the industrial world, not only
conventional auto manufacturers but also large and small enterprises have joined the EV
business as new business opportunities. In accordance with the implementation of many
pilot projects and EV related events, public expectation on EVs is high. However, there is
no clear indication for full-fledged diffusion. This is because of high prices of EVs, limited
models, lack of charging infrastructure, and lack of trust in the market in terms of life span
of EVs and safety. On the other hand, big auto manufacturers have become bolder in EV
development, which is seen to address the above-mentioned problems and accelerate EV
diffusion.
2) Significance of EVs in Lao PDR
7.2 Lao PDR can gain significant benefits from EV diffusion. One of the biggest
benefits is energy saving. If all motorcycles and mini buses and 50% of other types of
vehicles are replaced with EVs by 2030, Lao PDR will save USD938 million from the
reduction of fossil fuel import by 2030. Moreover, the saving from fossil fuel will be
USD6,456 million in the period of 2015 – 2030. On the other hand, the electric
consumption of EVs by 2030 is only USD183 million, and the additional electric demand
due to EV introduction is less than 7% of electric generation, i.e. the additional investment
on power plant is unnecessary for EV diffusion. The environmental benefit is clear. The
emission of PM, NOx, CO and THC will be zero. Regarding the CO2 which causes climate
change, the energy sources of Lao PDR is mainly hydropower plant, so that the grid
emission is zero. Thus, EVs in Lao PDR also does not emit CO2. This is very little case in
the world. The zero emission transport system will bring the positive impact on the society.
The traffic pollution such as air pollution and noise will be disappeared.The attractiveness
of cities in Lao PDR (tranquil and compact urban area which surrounded by historical
heritage and nature) will be increased.The image of Lao PDR will be improved.The tourism
sector which is one of the main industry of Lao PDR will be further developed. In addition,
EV can change the value chain of vehicles which create new business opportunities.
3) Establish a System for Accepting EVs
7.3 It is not necessary for Lao PDR to participate to the production and sales of EVs,
but Lao PDR needs to prepare to introduce various EVs and related infrastructures
appropriately which appear in the global market one after another. EVs have been already
introduced by the private sector without related regulations. However, it is important to
establish a basic system to avoid the inappropriate operation of those EVs and to promote
appropriate information of EVs to the society.
7.4 Development situation of EVs are varied by the types of EVs. While small types of
EVs (motorcycle and mini bus) already have an economical advantage against ICE vehicle
through tis lifecycle, larger types of EVs (larger than sedan type) still cannot compare with
ICE vehicles in terms of vehicle operating cost due to high battery price of EVs. Therefore,
the government in developed countries generally subsidize EVs. In developing countries,
imported vehicles are imposed high tax rates. So the reduction of tax rates on EVs has the