Question

conduct experiment to observe budding in yeast and spourulation in fungi​

Answer 1

Answer:

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Explanation:

In response to nitrogen starvation in the presence of a poor carbon source, diploid cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergo meiosis and package the haploid nuclei produced in meiosis into spores. The formation of spores requires an unusual cell division event in which daughter cells are formed within the cytoplasm of the mother cell. This process involves the de novo generation of two different cellular structures: novel membrane compartments within the cell cytoplasm that give rise to the spore plasma membrane and an extensive spore wall that protects the spore from environmental insults. This article summarizes what is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling spore assembly with particular attention to how constitutive cellular functions are modified to create novel behaviors during this developmental process. Key regulatory points on the sporulation pathway are also discussed as well as the possible role of sporulation in the natural ecology of S. cerevisiae.

SACCHAROMYCES cerevisiae cells that are heterozygous for the mating type locus can respond to changes in the nutrient status of the environment in a variety of ways. Some nutritional limitations can cause cells to enter stationary phase (Hartwell 1974) or to alter their morphology to a filamentous form (Gimeno et al. 1992). Alternatively, the absence of a nitrogen source combined with the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source leads cells to enter the developmental pathway of meiosis and sporulation (Freese et al. 1982).

The formation of spores involves a form of cell division that is radically different from the budding process in mitotic cells (Byers 1981; Esposito and Klapholz 1981; Kupiec et al. 1997; Neiman 2005). Rather than dividing the chromosomes through mitosis and the mother and daughter cells by cytokinesis at the bud neck, in sporulation the chromosomes are segregated by meiosis, resulting in the production of four haploid nuclei. Each of these nuclei is then enveloped within de novo-formed plasma membranes within the cytoplasm of the mother cell to form immature of the cytoplasmic events that create the spore.