Question

Continuous consumption of alcoholic and tobacco materials

Answer 1

Effects of smoking abstinence and alcohol consumption on smoking-related outcome expectancies in heavy smokers and tobacco chippers

Thomas R. Kirchner and Michael A. Sayette

Additional article information

Abstract

Smoking cessation interventions often target expectancies about the consequences of smoking. Yet little is known about the way smoking-related expectancies vary across different contexts. Two internal contexts that are often linked with smoking relapse are states associated with smoking abstinence and alcohol consumption. This report presents a secondary analysis of data from two experiments designed to examine the influence of smoking abstinence, and smoking abstinence combined with alcohol consumption, on smoking-related outcome expectancies among heavy smokers and tobacco chippers (smokers who had consistently smoked no more than 5 cigarettes/day for at least 2 years). Across both experiments, smoking abstinence and alcohol consumption increased expectancies of positive reinforcement from smoking. In addition, alcohol consumption increased negative reinforcement expectancies among tobacco chippers, such that the expectancies became more similar to those of heavy smokers as tobacco chippers’ level of subjective alcohol intoxication increased. Findings suggest that these altered states influence the way smokers evaluate the consequences of smoking, and provide insight into the link between smoking abstinence, alcohol consumption, and smoking behavior.

Introduction

Individuals form expectancies about the effects of smoking cigarettes that are associated with the initiation, maintenance, and cessation of smoking behavior (Andrews & Duncan, 1998; Brandon, Juliano, & Copeland, 1999). Accordingly, treatment guidelines and prominent theories of health behavior change indicate that challenging current smokers’ expectancies regarding the costs and benefits of smoking is an effective way to promote cessation (Fiore et al., 2000; Weinstein, 1993). The challenge for treatment providers and researchers is that smokers are often resistant to messages encouraging cessation, and smoking-related outcome expectancies are only modestly associated with subsequent smoking cessation (e.g., Hyland, Bauer, Giovino, Steger, & Cummings, 2004\).

Answer 2

Continuos consumption of alcohol and tobacco is not good for health..
It is harmful for health..