Contribution of India towards the development of Science and Technology for essay competition
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India’s name was originally derived from the name of a river, Indus River. This is because the civilization in India begins from riverbanks which are the Indus River and the Ganges River. The two famous cities of India’s history, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa have played an important role in the knowledge of Indian civilization. These cities were well planned with wide and straight streets built with brick houses. These cities also had systematic drainage and sewer system.
The contribution of ancient India towards science and technology can be divided into a few sub parts such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine and a lot more. The prehistoric human activity in Mehrgarh (now known as Pakistan) is the initiator of the history of science and technology. Then it continues through the Indus Valley Civilization.
The Harappan civilization (4000-3000 BC) had evident the earliest technological progress among the other Indian subcontinents. Archaeological remains prove the existence of well-planned urban centres which has roads and drainage system which is built systematically. For that time, the drainage system can be said to be amazing since they were built underground and it is constructed in a manner to allow for regular cleaning.
There were also evidence of fire and flood control measures to protect the farms and also villages. A well planned irrigation systems also been applied at that times. Textiles were produce by using cotton which was grown by them.
Larger private dwellings (flats) were built with multi-stories. Standardized fired bricks were used to build homes and separate cooking areas and toilets were built also. Various public function buildings such as public baths were also been built together with grain and goods storage facilities which will be used for trade.
Urban centres were often situated near riverside or sea-ports. Precise weights and measures were in use. Lothal the port of early manufactured products from smelted copper and bronze were developed as export centres.
Kilns an oven for burning and smelting copper blocks and casting tools were in existence. Other metal tools such as curved or circular saws, pierced needles and also bronze drills with twisted grooves were found exist. At that time, the drill was used for production of items with unparalleled precision.
The urban centres in the Harappan region were trading with each other and also with counterparts in Babylon, Egypt, the Persian Gulf and possibly the Mediterranean. The duration of the Harappan civilization was quite long, and included much of modern Sindh, Haryana, Gujarat, Punjab Rajasthan, and Western UP. But before its disappearance, there is also indication of considerable social decay and disintegration.
The excavations from the later phases of the Harappan civilizations show that the population pressures had led to the greater disorder in building construction. The breakdown of social practices had led to smaller urban dwelling and unplanned settlements.
The civilization on the Indus Plain had vanished fully between 1800 to 1700 BCE. The degeneration of these people is still unknown to the history. There a few suspected causes for this degeneration. One is the shift in the Indus River. Another is that the water along lower portion of the Indus River was dammed by the people without realizing the consequences such as flooding up the river. Other suspected reason is the decline in rainfall which cause decline in agriculture and the people might have abandoned the cities to search for food.
Years later, a small number of people from a different culture start settling in some of the abandoned cities. The archaeologists call this “squatter period”. Then the squatters disappeared. The knowledge of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa civilization vanished until archaeologists discovered it in the mid 19th century.
The technologies in India became very sophisticated since the complex Mohenjo-Daro and Harappan towns to Delhi’s Qutub Minar. The design and planning of water supply, traffic flow, complex stone work, natural air conditioning, and construction engineering is being implemented in daily life.
At the time of British colonial rule, western education was introduced in India. This effort had given a rise to a native class of civil servants and exposed many Indians to foreign institutes of higher studies. After independence, the knowledge of science and technology in Republic of India has been given more importance. Studies on automobile engineering, information technology, communications as well as space, polar, and nuclear sciences has been introduced.
In forthcoming sections, we are going to discuss in detail about the ancient India’s civilization and their contributions towards science and technology in the present world.
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