convert ethanol to 1 butanol.
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convert ethanol to 1 butanol.
CH3- CH2 -Cl
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Answer:
Explanation:
Highlights
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Supports with different acid/base properties for conversion of ethanol to butanol.
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High ratio of acid/base centers associated to production of ethylene instead of butanol.
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Low ratio of acid/base centers of MgO associated to butanol production.
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Metal addition to MgO increases area, basicity and butanol production.
Abstract
The effect of acid-base properties of three different supports (hydroxyapatite, γ-Al2O3 and MgO) and of the redox properties of dispersed Ru or Ni on the catalytic conversion of ethanol into butanol has been investigated.
Catalytic tests have been carried out in the temperature range 200–500 °C by feeding an ethanol/N2 mixture to a lab-scale fixed bed reactor of powdered catalyst. Both supports and metal containing materials were deeply characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, CO2 and NH3 TPD, H2 TPR.
Highest butanol yields were associated to low ratio between acid and basic centres, typical of MgO, and to the easy reducibility of well dispersed metals as well. Good butanol yields can be also ascribed to the enhancement of both surface area and basicity of MgO provided by metal addition.
Graphical abstract
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Keywords
EthanolButanolAcid and basic propertiesRedox propertiesMetal
1. Introduction
In the past decade production of bioethanol from first generation bio-based feedstocks, like corn and sugarcane, significantly increased [1], [2]. The use of fuels from these renewable resources offers a lot of environmental benefits, first of all lower greenhouse gas emissions.
Bio-ethanol is used as a fuel additive but, unless modified engines are used, it cannot be used in higher proportion [3] due to its water solubility, corrosivity and low energy content per unit volume compared to gasoline. On the other hand, n-butanol can be burned in the existing gasoline engines without basically any engine modification, it has higher calorific value and it can be transported via the existing gasoline pipelines [2]. Consequently, fermentation-derived butanol has attracted renewed interest as a fuel [4]. Biomass fermentation producing n-butanol using Clostridium microorganisms (Acetone Butanol Ethanol or ABE fermentation) has been performed on the industrial scale in many industrialized countries [4]. Alternatives routes to ABE for butanol production are currently under development although still far from industrial scale. One of them is the catalytic upgrade of ethanol into butanol [5]. The process to increase the carbon number of alcohols is known as Guerbet reaction. In this reaction a primary or secondary alcohol reacts with itself or another alcohol to produce a higher alcohol