Question

Correlate climate and population distribution. Give examples.

Answer 1

1Increases in global temperatures have created concern about effects of climatic variability on populations, and climate has been shown to affect population dynamics in an increasing number of species. Testing for effects of climate on population densities across a species’ distribution allows for elucidation of effects of climate that would not be apparent at smaller spatial scales.2Using autoregressive population models, we tested for effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on annual population densities of a North American migratory landbird, the yellow‐billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus, across the species’ breeding distribution over a 37‐year period (1966–2002).3Our results indicate that both the NAO and ENSO have affected population densities of C. americanus across much of the species’ breeding range, with the strongest effects of climate in regions in which these climate systems have the strongest effects on local temperatures. Analyses also indicate that the strength of the effect of local temperatures on C. americanus populations was predictive of long‐term population decline, with populations that were more negatively affected by warm temperatures experiencing steeper declines.4Results of this study highlight the importance of distribution‐wide analyses of climatic effects and demonstrate that increases in global temperatures have the potential to lead to additional population declines.

Introduction

Global temperatures have increased by approximately 0·6 °C over the 21st century and are predicted to increase by an additional 2–6 °C over the next century (Houghton et al. 2001). Such rapid changes in global climate have spurred research on the effects of climatic variability on the phenology and population dynamics of many species of plants and animals (Walther et al. 2002; Root et al. 2003). Studies of several species of landbirds have shown effects of variation in large‐scale climate and local temperatures on migration and breeding phenology (Dunn & Winkler 1999; Forchhammer, Post & Stenseth 2002; Visser et al. 2003; Wilson & Arcese 2003; Both et al. 2004) and on population productivity and adult survival (Saether et al. 2000; Sillett, Holmes & Sherry 2000; Nott et al. 2002). However, these climatic effects have translated to changes in population densities in only a few studies (Forchhammer, Post & Stenseth 1998; Saether et al. 2000; Jonzen et al. 2002). This is perhaps not surprising, as spatial variation in biotic and abiotic factors makes it likely that ecological effects of climate are spatially heterogeneous, and most field studies are necessarily conducted at small geographical scales. Consequently, studies are needed that test for effects of climate on population densities across species’ distributions.

Among North American landbirds, more than 30% of migratory species have declined significantly over the past 37 years (Robbins et al. 1989; Askins, Lynch & Greenberg 1990; Sauer, Hines & Fallon 2003). With species declining to this extent, research on the factors that limit populations is imperative in focusing our conservation efforts. To date, most of the research on factors that limit migratory birds in North America has focused on endogenous factors, including nest predation, brood parasitism and density‐dependent habitat limitation (Robinson et al. 1995; Sherry & Holmes 1996; Porneluzi & Faaborg 1999), and these endogenous factors are now known to be important in limiting migratory populations. 

Answer 2

Correlate climate and population distribution:

• Areas of favorable climate have a higher density of population.
• In contrast to it, the areas of harsh climate such as too hot, too cold, too dry or too wet have lower density of population.
• Areas having temperate climate are thickly populated.

For Example:

• In India, the areas of dry climate such as Rajasthan have a high density population.

• And the areas of too cold climate such as Jammu and Kashmir have a lower density of population.

To know more:

Giving example correlate climate and population distribution of india and barzil

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